§ i  Errors and inconsistencies abound, both in surviving versions of the Greek text and my transcriptions/translations. Most places outside the Mediterranean are untagged, and others are tagged wrongly or mislocated. Books I and VIII, the theoretical parts, are mostly omitted, likewise southeast Africa (Book IV, chapter 8). Degrees of longitude are measured not from Greenwich but from somewhere further west.

§ 1.1.1  Geography is an imitation through drawing of the whole occupied part of the earth together with the things generally connected with it. And it differs from chorography, inasmuch as the latter, cutting off the particular places, sets each one out separately and by itself, describing together nearly all even the smallest of the things encompassed within them, such as harbors and villages and districts and the turnings away from the principal rivers and similar things. But it is the distinctive property of geography to show the known earth as one and continuous, as it stands in its nature and position, going only as far as the things connected with it in whole and more comprehensive outlines, such as gulfs and great cities and both nations and the more noteworthy rivers and the more remarkable things of each kind.

§ 1.7.1  Correction of the distance of the breadth of the known earth according to Marinos, from the phenomena.
On the matter of breadth, then, first he himself also supposes the island of Thule to be under the parallel that bounds the northernmost limit of the earth known to us, and he demonstrates this parallel to be distant from the equator as nearly as possible 63 degrees, of such kind as the meridian circle is 360, and 31,500 stades, as one degree contains approximately 500 stades.

§ 1.7.2  Then, setting out the land of the Ethiopians called Agisymba and Cape Prasum as being under the parallel that bounds the southernmost limit of the known earth, he places this under the winter tropic, so that the whole breadth of the inhabited world, the intervening distance between the equator and the winter tropic being added, is reckoned according to him to be approximately 87 degrees, and 43,500 stades.

§ 1.7.3  He also attempts to show the reasonableness of the southern limit both through certain phenomena, as he himself thinks, and through the recorded journeys both by land and by sea; each of which must be examined in passing.

§ 1.7.4  Concerning the phenomena, then, he says in the third treatise word for word as follows: "For in the torrid zone the whole zodiac passes above it; wherefore within it the shadows shift, and all the stars set and rise; but the Little Bear alone begins to appear wholly above the earth at 500 stades north of Ocelis. For the parallel through Ocelis is elevated 11 and two-fifths degrees. And it is handed down by Hipparchus that the southernmost star of the Little Bear, the last star of the tail, is distant from the pole 12 and two-fifths degrees. And for those advancing from the equator toward the summer tropic, the north pole is always raised above the horizon, while the south pole comes to be below the horizon; but for those traveling from the equator toward the winter tropic, the south pole is raised above the horizon, while the north pole comes to be below the horizon."

§ 1.7.5  Through these things, then, he sets out only the very things that ought to occur in the places under the equator or in the places between the tropics; but whether there has also in reality been any account of the phenomena south of the equator, he does not present, such as the occurrence somewhere of stars of those south of the equator being at the zenith, or the midday shadows at the equinoxes inclining toward the south, or all the stars of the Little Bear rising or setting, or again some of them not appearing at all, the south pole coming to be above the horizon.

§ 1.7.6  Through what follows he does indeed adduce certain observed phenomena, but ones not at all capable of demonstrating the matter at hand. For he says: "that also those sailing from India to Limyrike, as Diodorus of Samos says in the third book, have Taurus culminating and the Pleiades at the middle of the yardarm; and those putting out to sea toward Azania from Arabia steer their course toward the south and toward the star Canopus, which there is called Horse and is the southernmost. And stars appear among them which among us are not even named, and the Dog rising before Procyon and Orion whole before the summer solstice."

§ 1.7.7  Of these phenomena, then, some clearly indicate habitations north of the equator, such as Taurus and the Pleiades coming to be at the zenith, for these stars too are north of the equator; but others indicate the southern habitations no more than the northern ones.

§ 1.7.8  For Canopus is able to appear even to those considerably north of the summer tropic, and many of the stars always below the earth for us are able to come to be above the earth in places south of us but still north of the equator, such as those around Meroe, just as Canopus itself appears there while not appearing to those north of us; and yet of this one even those more to the south give the name, "the Horse," but of no other of those unknown to us.

§ 1.7.9  He himself also adds that "he has learned through mathematical arguments that Orion appears whole before the summer solstice among those dwelling under the equator, and the Dog begins to rise before Procyon among those dwelling under the equator, and from them as far as Syene;" so that not even any of these phenomena is peculiar to habitations south of the equator.

§ 1.8.1  The same correction from the distances according to the journeys.
Concerning the distances, reckoning up on the one hand the individual days of the journeys by land from Leptis Magna as far as the land of Agisymba, he concludes that this is south of the equator by 24,680 stades, and on the other hand from the sea voyage again through the days of the sailing from Ptolemais in the Troglodytic region to Cape Prasum, he concludes that this too is south of the equator by 27,800 stades, so as to place Cape Prasum and the land of Agisymba, which belongs to the Ethiopians and, as he himself says, does not even bound Ethiopia from the south, in the temperate zone of the counter-inhabited world;

§ 1.8.2  for the 27,800 stades make on the meridian 55 and three-fifths degrees, as many as the Scythians and Sarmatians who inhabit the regions north of the Maeotic lake are distant on the other side of the equator and according to the similar climate.

§ 1.8.3  He himself, then, also reduces the stated measurement of stades to less than half, that is to 12,000 stades, approximately as many as the winter tropic is distant from the equator; and he sets alongside as causes of the reduction only the deviations from straight lines and the irregularities of the journeys, having passed over those still prior and more readily available, from which it would appear necessary not only to reduce but also to reduce by so much.

§ 1.8.4  For first, concerning the journey from Garama to the Ethiopians, he says: "that Septimius Flaccus, who had campaigned from Libya, arrived among the Ethiopians traveling southward from the Garamantes for three months, and that Julius Maternus, setting out from Leptis Magna, traveling from Garama together with the king of the Garamantes who was advancing against the Ethiopians, traveling entirely southward for four months, arrived at the land Agisymba of the Ethiopians, where the rhinoceroses gather."

§ 1.8.5  Each of these is incredible even by itself, both because the inner Ethiopians are not separated from the Garamantes by so much as to be a three-month journey away, since they themselves are already more properly Ethiopians and have the same king as those, and because it is altogether absurd that the expedition of the king against his subjects should have taken place in one direction only, that from north to south, since these peoples extend very far in both directions toward east and west, and furthermore that he should have made no noteworthy stops anywhere.

§ 1.8.6  Through which it is likely that the men either exaggerated, or used the expression "toward the south" in the way that the natives are accustomed to speak, meaning toward the south wind or toward the southwest wind, using the approximate instead of the precise.

§ 1.9.1  The same correction from the distances according to sea voyages.
Then also concerning the voyage between the Aromata and Rhapta, "he says that a certain Diogenes, one of those sailing to India, returning for the second time, when he came to be near the Aromata, was driven off course by a north wind, and having the Troglodytic region on his right arrived in twenty-five days at the lakes from which the Nile flows, of which the promontory of Rhapta is a little to the south; and that a certain Theophilus, one of those sailing to Azania, put out from the Rhapta with a south wind, and on the twentieth day had arrived at the Aromata."

§ 1.9.2  Each of these men neither reckoned the voyage as one of as many days as he said — for Theophilus reported only that he had arrived on the twentieth day, and Diogenes that he had sailed along the Troglodytic region for twenty-five days, recording only how many days they sailed, but not calculating how many days the voyage amounts to on account of the irregularity and variation of the winds over so much time — nor did either say that the whole voyage went for them toward the north or toward the south, but Diogenes only that he was driven off by a north wind, and Theophilus only that he put out with a south wind, while neither said anything about the rest of the voyage, that it maintained the same heading; for it is not plausible that the same bearing of the wind was maintained for so many days.

§ 1.9.3  And for this reason indeed the distance from the Aromata to the lakes, of which the promontory of Rhapta is further south, was covered by Diogenes in twenty-five days, while Theophilus sailed from the Rhapta to the Aromata, a greater distance, in twenty days; and although Theophilus supposed the daily run to be 1,000 stades, which he himself also followed, he nevertheless says that Dioscorus supposes the voyage from the Rhapta to Prasum, being one of many days, to be only 5,000 stades, the winds near the equator being naturally variable because the passages of the sun across it in the lateral direction are also constituted more swiftly.

§ 1.9.4  Both on account of these considerations it was all the more necessary not to follow the multitude of the days set out, and on account of what is most evident of all, that the calculation composed from them brings the Ethiopians and the gathering of rhinoceroses to the temperate zone of the counter-inhabited world, since all animals and plants ought to be constituted similarly in their temperaments, in accordance with the proportions of the surrounding atmosphere, for those coming to be under the same parallels or under those equally distant from either of the poles.

§ 1.9.5  Whence Marinos reduced the distance only as far as the winter tropic, with not a single reasonable cause being fitted to the amount of the reduction, if one were to accept both the number of days and the regularity of the journeys, which is what he himself does (for maintaining these he reduces only the amount of the daily stades beyond what is moderate and customary, until the limit arrives at whatever parallel he himself thought it necessary to reach); but the contrary was the consistent course, namely to trust the possible extent of the daily journey, but to distrust the regularity both with respect to equality and with respect to direction, as making it not possible through these to obtain the sought distance, or only that it would be greater than that to the equator, but rather from some one of the more evident phenomena.

§ 1.9.6  Such a thing would have been available even with complete precision, if someone happened to have examined more mathematically the circumstances belonging to those regions; but since no such account exists, it would remain from the simpler approach to consider more broadly the reasonableness of the amount of the departure beyond the equator. This is the consideration based on the appearances and colors of the animals in those places; from which it is not consistent that the parallel through the land of Agisymba, which is clearly Ethiopian, should reach even as far as the winter tropic, but rather that it terminates closer to the equator.

§ 1.9.7  For not even among us in places of the same rank, that is those under the summer tropic, do people yet have the complexions of Ethiopians, nor are there rhinoceroses or elephants; but in places not much south of these they are moderately dark, like those inhabiting the Thirty-Schoenus region beyond Syene, which is the sort of people the Garamantes are, and for this reason Marinos himself says they are settled neither at the summer tropic itself nor north of it, but certainly south of it; while in the places around Meroe they are already deeply dark in complexion and are primarily pure Ethiopians, and the race of elephants and of the more extraordinary animals ranges there.

§ 1.10.1  That one ought not to suppose the Ethiopians to be further south than the parallel opposite to that through Meroe
Wherefore it would be well up to this point, that is as long as the account of those who have crossed over to those parts reports Ethiopians to us, to draw both the land of Agisymba and Cape Prasum together with the things lying along the same parallel under the parallel most nearly corresponding to that through Meroe, that is the one distant from the equator toward the south by the equal degrees of 16°25'12", and approximately 8,200 stades, so that the whole breadth is reckoned more broadly as 79°25'12" or whole eighty degrees, and 40,000 stades.

§ 1.10.2  The intervening distance between Leptis Magna and Garama, however, must be maintained as Flaccus and Maternus supposed it, of 5,400 stades. For the twenty days are of a second journey shortened compared to the first with respect to the south or the north, that one being of thirty days on account of the deviations; and he says that those who made the journey set out the measurement in stades of each day, it being not merely possible on many occasions but also necessary on account of the distances between watering places.

§ 1.10.3  Just as one must be doubtful concerning great distances that have been traversed rarely or not in agreement, so one must trust those that are neither great but have also been traversed many times and by many people in agreement.

§ 1.11.1  What has now been stated will suffice to show us what extent in breadth it would be fair to assign to the inhabited world. Its length is given by Marinos at 15 hours, this being the distance comprised between his two extreme meridians — but in our opinion he has unduly extended the distance towards the east. In fact, if the estimate be properly reduced in this direction the entire length must be fixed at less than 12 hours, the Islands of the Blest being taken as the limit towards the west, and the remotest parts of Sera and Sinai and Kattigara as the limit towards the east.

§ 1.11.2  Now the entire distance from the Islands of the Blest to the passage of the Euphrates at Hierapolis, as measured along the parallel of Rhodes, is accurately determined by summing together the several intervening distances as estimated in stadia by Marinos, for not only were the distances well ascertained from being frequently traversed, but Marinos seems moreover in his computation of the greater distances, to have taken into account the necessary corrections for irregularities and deviations. He understood, besides, that while the length of a single degree of the 360 degrees into which the equatorial circle is divided measures, as in the commonly accepted estimate, 500 stadia, the parallel circle which passes through Rhodes in 36 degrees of N. latitude, measures about 400 stadia.

§ 1.11.3  It measures, in fact, a little over that number if we go by the exact proportion of the parallels, but the excess is so trifling as in the case of the equatorial degree, that it may be neglected. But his estimates of the distances beyond Hierapolis require correction.

§ 1.11.4  He computes the distance from the passage of the Euphrates already mentioned to the Stone Tower at 876 schoeni or 26,280 stadia, and from the Stone Tower to Sera, the metropolis of the Seres, at a 7 months’ journey or 36,200 stadia as reckoned along the same parallel. Now in neither case has he made the proper deductions for the excess caused by deviations; and for the second route he falls into the same absurdity as when he estimated the distance from the Garamantes to Agisymba.

§ 1.11.5  Where he had to deduct above half of the stadia in the march of the 3 months and 14 days, since such a march could not possibly have been accomplished without halting. The necessity for halting would be still more urgent when the march was one which occupied 7 months.

§ 1.11.6  But the former march was accomplished even by the king of the country himself, who would naturally use every precaution, and the weather besides was all throughout most propitious. But the route from the Stone Tower to Sera is exposed to violent storms, for as he himself assumes, it lies under the parallels of the Hellespont and Byzantium, so that the progress of travellers would be frequently interrupted.

§ 1.11.7  Now it was by means of commerce this became known, for Marinos tells us that one Maes, a Macedonian, called also Titianus, who was a merchant and son of one, had written a book giving the measurement in question, which he had obtained not by visiting the Seres in person, but from the agents whom he had sent to them. But Marinos seems to have distrusted accounts borrowed from traders.

§ 1.11.8  In giving, for instance, on the authority of Philemon, the length of Hibernia from east to west at a 20 days' journey, he refuses to accept this estimate, which was got, he tells us, from merchants, whom he reprobates as a class of men too much engrossed with their own proper business to care about ascertaining the truth, and who also from mere vanity frequently exaggerated distances. So too, in the case before us, it is manifest that nothing in the course of the 7 months’ journey was thought worthy either of record or remembrance by the travellers except the prodigious time taken to perform it.

§ 1.12.1  Taking all this into consideration, together with the fact that the route does not lie along one and the same parallel (the Stone Tower being situated near the parallel of Byzantium, and Sera lying farther south than the parallel through the Hellespont) it would appear but reasonable in this case also to diminish by not less than a half the distance altogether traversed in the 7 months’ journey, computed at 36,200 stadia, and so let us reduce the number of stadia which these represent at the equator by one-half only, and we thus obtain 18100 stadia or 45 degrees.

§ 1.12.2  For it would be absurd, and show a want of proper judgment, if, when reason enjoins us to curtail the length of both routes, we should follow the injunction with respect to the route from the Garamantes, to the length of which there is the obvious objection, viz., the species of animals in the neighbourhood of Agisymba, which cannot bear to be transplanted from their own climate to another, while we refuse to follow the injunction with regard to the route from the Stone Tower, because there is not a similar objection to its length, seeing that the temperature all along this route is uniform, quite independently of its being longer or shorter. Just as if one who reasons according to the principles of philosophy, could not, unless the case were otherwise clear, arrive at a sound conclusion?

§ 1.12.3  With regard again to the first of the two Asiatic routes, that, I mean which leads from the Euphrates to the Stone Tower, the estimate of 870 schoeni must be reduced to 800 only, or 24,000 stadia, on account of deviations.

§ 1.12.4  We may accept as correct his figures for the entire distance as the several stages had been frequently traversed and had therefore been measured with accuracy. But that there were numerous deviations is evident from what Marinos himself tells us.

§ 1.12.5  For the route from the passage of the Euphrates near Hierapolis through Mesopotamia to the Tigris, and the route thence through the Garamaioi of Assyria and Media to Ekbatana and the Caspian Gates, and through Parthia to Hekatompylos Marinos considers to lie along the parallel which passes through Rhodes, for he traces this parallel as passing through these regions.

§ 1.12.6  But the route from Hekatompylos to Hyrkania city must, of necessity, diverge to the north, because that city lies somewhere between the parallel of Smyrna and that of the Hellespont, since the parallel of Smyrna is traced as passing below Hyrkania and that of the Hellespont through the southern parts of the Hyrkanian Sea from the city bearing the same name, which lies a little farther north.

§ 1.12.7  But, again, the route herefrom to Antiocheia of Margiana through Areia, at first bends towards the south, since Areia lies under the same parallel as the Caspian Gates, and then afterwards turns towards the north, Antiocheia being situated under the parallel of the Hellespont. The route after this runs in an eastward direction to Baktra whence it turns towards the north in ascending the mountains of the Komedoi, and then in passing through these mountains it pursues a southern course as far as the gorge that opens into the plain country.

§ 1.12.8  For the northern parts of the mountain region and those furthest to the west where the ascent begins, are placed by him under the parallel of Byzantium, and those in the south and the east under the parallel of the Hellespont. For this reason, he says, that this route makes a detour of equal length in opposite directions, that in advancing to the east it bends towards the south, and thereafter probably runs up towards the north for 50 schoeni, till it reaches the Stone Tower.

§ 1.12.9  For to quote his own words, “When the traveller has ascended the ravine he arrives at the Stone Tower, after which the mountains that trend to the east unite with Imaos, the range that runs up to the north from Palimbothra.”

§ 1.12.10  If, then, to the 60 degrees made up of the 24,000 stadia, we add the 45 1/4 degrees which represent the distance from the Stone Tower to Sera, we get 105 1/4 degrees as the distance between the Euphrates and Sera as measured along the parallel of Rhodes.

§ 1.12.11  But, further, we can infer from the number of stadia which he gives as the distance between successive places lying along the same parallel, that the distance from the Islands of the Blest to the Sacred Promontory in Spain is 2 1/2 degrees, and the distance thence to the mouth of the Baetis the same. From the Baetis to Kalpe, and the entrance of the Straits, 2 1/2 degrees. From the Straits to Karallis in Sardinia, 25 degrees. From Karallis to Lilybaion, in Sicily, 4 1/2 degrees. From this Cape to Pachynos, 3 degrees. Then again, from Pachynos to Tainaron, in Lakonia, 10 degrees. Thence to Rhodes, 8 1/4 degrees. From Rhodes to Issus, 11 1/4 degrees, and finally from Issus to the Euphrates, 2 1/2 degrees.

§ 1.12.12  The sum of these particular distances gives a total of 72 degrees, consequently the entire length of the known world between the meridian of the Islands of the Blest and that of the Seres is 177 1/4 degrees, as has been already shown.

§ 1.13.1  That such is the length of the inhabited world may also be inferred from his estimate of the distances in a voyage from India to the Gulf of the Sinai and Kattigara, if the sinuosities of the coast and irregularity of the navigation be taken into account, together with the positions as drawn into nearer proximity in the projections; for, he says, that beyond the Cape called Kory where the Kolchic Gulf terminates, the Argaric Gulf begins, and that the distance thence to the City of Kouroula, which is situated to the northeast of Kory is 3,400 stadia.

§ 1.13.2  The distance right across may, therefore, be estimated at about 2,030 stadia, since we have to deduct a third because of the navigation having followed the curvature of the Gulf, and have also to make allowances for irregularities in the length of the courses run.

§ 1.13.3  If now we further reduce this amount by a third, because the sailing, though subject to interruption, was taken as continuous, there remain 1,350 stadia, determining the position of Kouroula as situated north-east from Kory.

§ 1.13.4  If now this distance be referred to a line running parallel to the equator and towards the East, and we reduce its length by half in accordance with the intercepted angle, we shall have as the distance between the meridian of Kouroula and that of Kory, 675 stadia, or 1 1/3 degree, since the parallels of these places do not differ materially from the great circle.

§ 1.13.5  But to proceed: the course of the voyage from Kouroura lies, he says, to the southeast as far as Paloura, the distance being 9,450 stadia. Here, if we deduct as before one-third for the irregularities in the length of the courses, we shall have the distance on account of the navigation having been continuous to the south-east about 6,300 stadia.

§ 1.13.6  And if we deduct from this in like manner as before one-sixth, in order to find the distance parallel to the equator, we shall make the interval between the meridians of these two places 5,250 stadia, or 10 1/2 degrees.

§ 1.13.7  At this place the Gangetic Gulf begins, which he estimates to be in circuit 19,000 stadia. The passage across it from Paloura to Sada in a direct line from west to east is 1,300 stadia. Here, then, we have but one deduction to make, viz., one-third on account of the irregularity of the navigation, leaving as the distance between the meridians of Paloura and Sada 8,670 stadia, or 17 1/3 degrees.

§ 1.13.8  The voyage is continued onward from Sada to the City of Tamala, a distance of 3,500 stadia, in a south-eastward direction. If a third be here again deducted on account of irregularities, we find the length of the continuous passage to be 2,330 stadia, but we must further take into account the divergence towards the south-east, and deduct one-sixth, so we find the distance between the meridians in question to be 1,940 stadia, or 3°50' nearly.

§ 1.13.9  He next sets down the passage from Tamala to the Golden Chersonese at 1,600 stadia, the direction being still towards the south-east, so that after making the usual deductions there remain as the distance between the two meridians 900 stadia, or 1°48'. The sum of these particulars makes the distance from Cape Kory to the Golden Chersonese to be 34° 48'.

§ 1.14.1  Marinos does not state the number of stadia in the passage from the Golden Chersonese to Kattigara, but says Alexander had written that the land thereafter faced the south, and that those sailing along this coast reached the city of Zaba in 20 days, and by continuing the voyage from Zaba southward, but keeping more to the left, they arrived after some days at Kattigara.

§ 1.14.2  He then makes this distance very great by taking the expression “some days” to mean “many days,” assigning as his reason that the days occupied by the voyage were too many to be counted,—a most absurd reason, it strikes me.

§ 1.14.3  For would even the number of days it takes to go round the whole world be past counting? And was there anything to prevent Alexander writing “many” instead of “some,” especially when we find him saying that Dioskoros had reported that the voyage from Rhapta to Cape Prasum took “many days.” One might in fact with far more reason take “some” to mean “a few,” for we have been wont to censure this style.

§ 1.14.4  So now lest we should appear to fall ourselves into the same error, that of adapting conjectures about distances to some number already fixed on, let us compare the voyage from the Golden Chersonese to Kattigara, consisting of the 20 days to Zaba and the “some days” thence to Kattigara with the voyage from Aromata to Cape Prasum, and we find that the voyage from Aromata to Rhapta took also 20 days as reported by Theophilos, and the voyage from Rhapta to Prasum “many more days” as reported by Dioskoros, so that we may set side by side the “some days” with the “many days” and like Marinos take them to be equivalent.

§ 1.14.5  Since then, we have shown both by reasoning and by stating ascertained facts, that Prasum is under the parallel of 16° 25' in South latitude, while the parallel through Cape Aromata is 4°15' in North latitude, making the distance between the two capes 20°40', we might with good reason make the distance from the Golden Chersonese to Zaba and thence to Kattigara just about the same.

§ 1.14.6  It is not necessary to curtail the distance from the Golden Chersonese to Zaba, since as the coast faces the south it must run parallel with the equator. We must reduce, however, the distance from Zaba to Kattigara, since the course of the navigation is towards the south and the east, in order that we may find the position parallel to the equator.

§ 1.14.7  If again, in our uncertainty as to the real excess of the distances, we allot, say, one-half of the degrees to each of these distances, and from the 13°20' between Zaba and Kattigara we deduct a third on account of the divergence, we shall have the distance from the Golden Chersonese to Kattigara along a line parallel to the equator of about 17°10'.

§ 1.14.8  But it has been shown that the distance from Cape Kory to the Golden Chersonese is 34°48', and so the entire distance from Kory to Kattigara will be about 52°.

§ 1.14.9  But again, the meridian which passes through the source of the River Indus is a little further west than the Northern Promontory of Taprobane, which according to Marinos is opposite to Kory, from which the meridian which passes through the mouths of the River Baetis is a distance of 8 hours or 120°. Now as this meridian is 5° from that of the Islands of the Blest, the meridian of Cape Kory is more than 125° from the meridian of the Islands of the Blest. But the meridian through Kattigara is distant from that through the Islands of the Blest a little more than 177° in the latitude of Kory, each of which contains about the same number of stadia as a degree reckoned along the parallel of Rhodes.

§ 1.14.10  The entire length then of the world to the Metropolis of the Sinai may be taken at 180 degrees or an interval of 12 hours, since it is agreed on all hands that this Metropolis lies further east than Kattigara, so that the length along the parallel of Rhodes will be 72,000 stadia.

§ 1.15.1  On the points of disagreement with Marinos in his detailed exposition. As for the overall dimensions, to this extent we have contracted them — both the longitude toward the east and the latitude toward the south — for the reasons set out. And the individual positions of the cities too we have judged worthy of correction in many places, in those cases where he [Marinos] has made conflicting or inconsistent expositions across various memoranda, owing to the overflowing and varied nature of his compilations — as for instance in the cases of those places believed to correspond with one another.

§ 1.15.2  For he says that Tarraco corresponds with Caesarea called Iol, drawing the meridian through the latter also through the Pyrenean mountains — which are in fact considerably to the east of Tarraco.

§ 1.15.3  And [he pairs] Pachynon with Leptis Magna, and Himera with Theainai — whereas the distance from Pachynon to Himera amounts to about four hundred stades, and that from Leptis to Theainai exceeds fifteen hundred, according to what Timosthenes records.

§ 1.15.4  And again he says that Tergeste corresponds with Ravenna, while Tergeste is four hundred and eighty stades distant from the innermost point of the Adriatic at the river Tilaventos toward the summer sunrise, and Ravenna a thousand stades toward the winter sunrise.

§ 1.15.5  He likewise claims the Chelidoniae lies opposite Canopus, Acamas opposite Paphos, and Paphos opposite Sebennytos, putting the distance from the Chelidoniae to Acamas at one thousand stades himself, while Timosthenes puts the distance from Canopus to Sebennytos at two hundred and ninety — even though this latter distance, if those places truly lay under the same meridians, would actually need to be greater, since it would subtend the arc of a larger parallel.

§ 1.15.6  Again, he states that Pisa is seven hundred stades from Ravenna in the direction of Libonotus; yet through his division of climata and hourly zones, he places Pisa in the third hourly zone and Ravenna in the fourth.

§ 1.15.7  And although he states that Noviomagus in Britain is fifty-nine miles south of Londinium, he then shows it to be further north through his system of climata.

§ 1.15.8  And having placed Mount Athos on the parallel running through the Hellespont, he nevertheless positions Amphipolis and the surrounding areas — which lie beyond Athos and the outlets of the Strymon — in the fourth clima, below the Hellespont.

§ 1.15.9  Similarly, although nearly all of Thrace lies below the parallel running through Byzantium, he classified all of its inland cities within the clima that falls above that parallel.

§ 1.15.10  Furthermore, he says, we will place Trapezus on the parallel running through Byzantium; and yet, having shown that Satala in Armenia lies sixty miles south of Trapezus, in his drawing of the parallels he runs the parallel through Byzantium through Satala rather than through Trapezus.

§ 1.15.11  He also claims that the Nile River will be drawn accurately, from the point where it is first observed flowing from south to north as far as Meroë; and likewise that the voyage from Aromata to the lakes from which the Nile flows runs due north, since Aromata lies considerably further east than the Nile. For Ptolemais of the Hunts is ten or twelve days' journey east of Meroë and the Nile; the straits of the Gulf of Adulis near the peninsula of Ocelis and Deira lie three thousand five hundred stades east of Ptolemais; and the cape of the Great Aromata lies five thousand stades further east than these.

§ 1.16.1  That he also made certain errors in the boundaries of the provinces.
He also made certain errors in the boundary descriptions — as when he bounds all of Mysia on the east by the Pontic Sea, and Thrace on the west by Upper Mysia; when he bounds Italy on the north not only by Raetia and Noricum but also by Pannonia, yet bounds Pannonia on the south by Dalmatia alone and no longer by Italy; when, while he has the inland Sogdians and the Sakas bordering India on the south, regarding the peoples north of Mount Imaos — which forms the northernmost boundary of India — he fails to draw the parallels running through the Hellespont and through Byzantium through those aforementioned peoples, but instead draws only the parallel through the middle of the Pontus as the first one passing through them.

§ 1.17.1  Marinos, then, failed to address these and similar issues, either because of the sheer volume and scattered nature of his writings, or because he did not manage, even in his final edition — as he himself states — to complete a map through which he might have made corrections to both the system of climata and the hourly zones.

§ 1.17.2  Some of his information is also inconsistent with what is currently known — as for instance his placing of the Sachalites Gulf to the west of Cape Syagrus;

§ 1.17.3  For all who have crossed the seas to those places agree in assuring me that the district of Sachalites in Arabia, and the Gulf of the same name, lie to the east of Syagros, and not to the west of it as stated by Marinos, who also makes Simylla, the trading post in India, to be further west not only than Cape Komari, but also than the Indus.

§ 1.17.4  But according to the unanimous testimony both of those who have sailed from us to those places and have for a long time frequented them, and also of those who have come from thence to us, Simylla, which by the people of the country is called Timoula, lies only to the south of the mouths of the river, and not also to west of them.

§ 1.17.5  From the same informants we have also learned other particulars regarding India and its different provinces, and its remote parts as far as the Golden Chersonese and onward thence to Kattigara. In sailing thither, the voyage, they said, was towards the east, and in returning towards the west, but at the same time they acknowledged that the period which was occupied in making the voyages was neither fixed nor regular. The country of the Seres and their Metropolis was situated to the north of the Sinai, but the regions to the eastward of both those people were unknown, abounding it would appear, in swamps, wherein grew reeds that were of a large size and so close together that the inhabitants by means of them could go right across from one end of a swamp to the other. In travelling from these parts there was not only the road that led to Baktriane by way of the Stone Tower, but also a road that led into India through Palimbothra. The road again that led from the Metropolis of the Sinai to the Haven at Kattigara runs in a south-west direction, and hence this road does not coincide with the meridian which passes through Sera and Kattigara, but, from what Marinos tell us, with some one or other of those meridians that are further east.

§ 2.1.1  PREFACE TO BOOK II
That which should be considered in general geography must here be explained, and also how the drawing of maps should be emended in keeping with the present knowledge of the known parts of our habitable earth, as far as it concerns the question of the relation of place to place, and also their likenesses, and the method of depicting them.

§ 2.1.2  Beginning with the particular narration let us first make a statement respecting the degrees of longitude and latitude which have been assigned to well-known places. Approximately these are correct, since the traditions concerning them are continuously the same; that is, in the main the traditions agree. But as to the degrees ascribed to localities not as yet thoroughly explored, because of the incomplete and uncertain knowledge we have of these places, they should be computed rather from their nearness to the localities already laid down, and the more thoroughly explored. This should be done lest any of those localities which have been inserted for completing the whole earth's picture should be without a fixed and definite place.

§ 2.1.3  Therefore we have written on the margins of the pages notations respecting the different degrees of different places, and have used these as measurements, in the first place of longitude; then we have noted the degrees of longitude in such manner that if any corrections must be made, from a fuller investigation, they can be inserted in the adjoining spaces which have left vacant between the separate pages.

§ 2.1.4  Moreover we have selected the projection which we especially consider the best in the making of maps, this being the one in which we start at the right hand. The work may then proceed from places already inserted to those not yet inserted. This can best be carried out if we write in the northern latitudes before the southern ones, and the western before the eastern ones; since to the eye of the writer or reader the northern localities appear in the upper part, and the eastern appear on the right hand, on both the globe and the map of the habitable earth.

§ 2.1.5  First of all, therefore, let us set down Europe which we separate from Libya by the Heraclean Strait, and from Asia by the seas and Maeotic Lake, the river Tanais and the meridian drawn from it toward an unknown land. Next, for Libya, let us divide it from Asia with the seas from around Cape Prasum of Ethiopia, as far as the Arabian Gulf. Let us separate Libya from Asia by the isthmus which extends from the bottom of the gulf by Heroon polis to our sea, and separates Egypt from Arabia and Judea. Let us do this that we may not divide Egypt, in making a division of the continent, using the Nile, because continents are bounded more properly, where it is possible, by seas than by rivers.

§ 2.1.6  Finally let us put in Asia, keeping the same plan as in the parts of each continent, of disposing of each of them according to its relation to the whole earth, and to the entire inhabited regions in the continents themselves, first writing in the coast that is most northern, then the western, and the seas and the islands that are nearest together, and those which in some particular are most worthy of mention.

§ 2.1.7  After this let us distinguish, in the descriptions, the various satrapies, and provinces of the earth, treating them as we have before noted, in accord with the known positions of localities and according to what especially ought to be inserted, spurning the multitudinous traditional farrago concerning the peculiar qualities of their different inhabitants, except that, in the case of qualities renowned by general report, we make a short and suitable note on the religion and manners. In this way the opportunity will be given to any one, who desires it, for drawing the parts of the earth in maps according to the particular prefectures and provinces, one or many, and the right relation of the places of each other on the maps will be preserved, together with the right size and the right shape. Nor will it make much difference if in these maps we use parallel meridian straight lines instead of curved lines, provided we keep the proper proportion of the meridian degrees to the degrees marked on the great circle, that is the equator, which is in the middle of every map.

§ 2.1.8  Having stated these things, let us begin our particular descriptions with the western part of Europe according to its provinces or prefectures.

§ 2.2.1  Setting of Hivernia British island
A description of the north coast, beyond which is located the Hyperborean ocean:
Boreum promontory 11°00' . 61°00'
Vennicnium promontory 12°50' . 61°20'
mouth of the Vidua river 13°00' . 61°00'
mouth of the Argita river 14°30' . 61°30'
Rhobogdium promontory 16°20' . 61°30'

§ 2.2.2  The Vennicni inhabit the west coast; next to them and toward the east are the Rhobogdi

§ 2.2.3  A description of the west side, which borders on the Western ocean
from the Boreum promontory which is in 11°00' . 61°00'
mouth of the Ravius river 11°20' . 60°40'
Magnata city 11°15' . 60°15'
mouth of the Libnius river 10°30' . 60°00'
mouth of the Ausoba river 10°30' . 59°30'
mouth of the Senus river 9°30' . 59°30'
mouth of the Duris river 9°40' . 58°40'
mouth of the Iernus river 8°00' . 58°00'
Southern promontory 7°40' . 57°45'

§ 2.2.4  The Erdini inhabit the coast next to the Vennicni, and between these are the Magnatae; then the Autini; and the Gangani; below whom are the Vellabori.

§ 2.2.5  Description of the south coast, which adjoins the Vergionius ocean, from the southern promontory which is in 7°40' . 57°40'
mouth of the Dabrona river 11°15' . 57°00'
mouth of the Birgus river 12°30' . 57°30'
Sacred promontory 14°00' . 57°50'

§ 2.2.6  The Hiverni occupy the side after the Velabori; beyond whom are the Usdiae and further to the east the Brigantes.

§ 2.2.7  A description of the east side touching the ocean which is called Hibernian, beginning at the Sacred promontory at 14°00' . 57°50'
mouth of the Modonnus river 13°40' . 58°40'
Manapia town 13°30' . 58°40'
mouth of the Oboca river 13°10' . 59°00'
Eblana city 14°00' . 59°30'
mouth of the Bubindas river 14°40' . 59°40'
Isamnium promontory 15°00' . 60°00'
mouth of the Vinderis river 15°00' . 60°15'
mouth of the Logia river 15°20' . 60°40'
Next to this is the Robogdium promontory.

§ 2.2.8  On the side next to the Robogdi dwell the Darini, below whom are the Volunti; then the Eblani; then the Cauci; below whom are the Manapi; then the Coriondi who dwell above the Brigantes.

§ 2.2.9  The following are the inland towns: Regia 13°00' . 60°20'
Rhaeba 12°00' . 59°45'
Laberus 13°00' . 59°15'
Macolicum 11°30' . 58°40'
another Regia 11°00' . 59°15'
Dunum 12°30' . 58°45'
Hibernis 11°00' . 58°10'

§ 2.2.10  Above Hibernia are the Ebuda islands five in number, the largest of which toward the west is called Ebuda 15°00' . 62°00'
next to this toward the east likewise is Ebuda island 15°40' . 62°00'
then Rhicina 17°00' . 62°00'
then Malaeus 17°30' . 62°30'
then Epidium 18°30' . 62°00'
Toward the east of Hibernia are these islands: Monaoeda island 17°40' . 61°30'
Mona island 15°00' . 57°40'
Adru which is barren 15°00' . 59°30'
Limnu which is barren 15°00' . 59°00'

§ 2.3.1  The position of Albion island of Britannia.
A description of the northern coast, above which is the Duecaledonius ocean.
Novantarum peninsula, and promontory of the same name 21°00' . 61°40'
Rerigonius bay 20°30' . 60°50'
Vindogara bay 21°20' . 60°30'
Clota estuary 22°15' . 59°20'
Lemannonius bay 24°00' . 60°00'
Epidium promontory 23°00' . 60°40'
mouth of the Longus river 24°30' . 60°40'
mouth of the Itis river 27°00' . 60°40'
Volas bay 29°00' . 60°30'
mouth of the Navarus river 30°00' . 60°30'
Tarvedum or Orcas promontory 31°20' . 60°15'

§ 2.3.2  Description of the west a side which borders on the Hibernian ocean and the Vergionius ocean.
From the Novantian promontory 21°00' . 61°40'
mouth of the Abravannus river 19°20' . 61°00'
Iena estuary 19°00' . 60°30'
mouth of the Devas river 18°00' . 60°00'
mouth of the Novius river 18°20' . 59°30'
Ituna estuary 18°30' . 58°45'
Moricambe estuary 17°30' . 58°20'
Setantiorum harbor b 17°20' . 57°45'
Belisama estuary 17°30' . 57°20'
Seteia estuary 17°00' . 57°00'
Caeanganorum promontory 15°00' . 57°00 c
mouth of the Toesobis river 15°40' . 56°20'
mouth of the Stuccia river 15°20' . 55°30'
mouth of the Tuerobis river 15°00' . 55°00'
Octapitarum promontory 14°20' . 54°30'
mouth of the Tobius river 15°30' . 54°30'
mouth of the Ratostabius river 16°30' . 54°30'
Sabrina estuary 17°20' . 54°30'
Uxella estuary 16°00' . 53°30'
Herculis promontory 14°00' . 52°45'
Antivestaeum or Bolerium promontory 11°30' . 52°30'
Damnonium or Ocrium promontory 12°00' . 51°30'

§ 2.3.3  Description of the south side below which is the Britannic ocean. After the Ocrium promontory is the mouth of the Cenio river 14°00 d 51°45'
mouth of the Tamarus river 15°40' . 52°10'
mouth of the Iscas river 17°40' . 52°20'
mouth of the Alaunus river 17°40' . 52°40'
Magnus Portus 19°00' . 53°00'
mouth of the Trisantonis river 20°20' . 53°00'
New harbor 21°00' . 53°30'
Cantium promontory 22°00' . 54°00'

§ 2.3.4  A description of the eastern and the southern side next to which is the Germanic ocean. After the Tarvedum promontory, or Orcades, by which it is known,
Virvedrum promontory 31°00' . 60°00'
Verubium promontory 30°30' . 59°40'
mouth of the Ila river 30°00' . 59°40'
a high shore 29°00' . 59°40'
Varar estuary 28°00 e 59°40'
mouth of the Loxa river 27°30' . 59°40'
Tuesis estuary 27°00' . 59°00'
mouth of the Caelis river 27°00' . 58°45'
Taezalon promontory 27°30' . 58°30'
mouth of the Deva river 26°00' . 58°30'
mouth of the Tina river 24°00' . 58°30'
Boderia estuary 22°30' . 59°00'
mouth of the Alaunus river 21°20' . 58°30'
mouth of the Vedra river 20°10' . 58°30'
Dunum bay 20°15' . 57°30'
Gabrantuicorum bay with many harbors 21°00' . 57°00'
Ocelus promontory 21°15' . 56°40'
mouth of the Abi river 21°00' . 56°30'
Metaris estuary 20°30' . 55°40'
mouth of the Gariennus river 20°50' . 55°40'
A promontory 21°15' . 55°05'
mouth of the Sidumanis river 20°10' . 55°00'
Tamesa estuary 20°30' . 54°30'
Next to this the Cantium promontory 22°00' . 54°00'

§ 2.3.5  The Novantae dwell on the side toward the north below the peninsula of this name, among whom are the following towns:
Locopibia 19°00' . 60°20'
Rerigonium 20°10' . 60°40'

§ 2.3.6  Below are the Selgovae, among whom are the following towns:
Carbantorigum 19°00' . 59°30'
Uxellum 18°30' . 59°20'
Corda 20°00' . 59°40'
Trimontium 19°00' . 59°00'

§ 2.3.7  From these toward the east, but more northerly, are the Damnoni, among whom are the following towns:
Colanica 20°45' . 59°10'
Vindogara 21°20' . 60°00'
Coria 21°30' . 59°20'
Alauna 22°45' . 59°50'
Lindum 23°00' . 59°30'
Victoria 23°30' . 59°00'
Further south are the Otalini, among whom are the following towns:
Coria 20°10' . 59°00'
Alauna 23°00' . 58°40'
Bremenium 21°00' . 58°45'

§ 2.3.8  Next to the Damnoni, but more toward the east near the Epidium promontory are the Epidi and next to these the Cerones; then the Carnonacae, and the Caereni but more toward the east; and in the extreme east dwell the Cornavi; from the Lemannonis bay as far as the Varar estuary are the Caledoni, and above these is the Caledonian forest, from which toward the east are the Decantae, and next to these the Lugi extending to the Cornavi boundary, and above the Lugi are the Smertae; below Caledonia are the Vacomagi, among whom are the following towns:
Bannatia 24°00' . 59°30'
Tamia 25°00' . 59°20'
Pinnata camp 27°15' . 59°20'
Tuesis 26°45' . 59°10'

§ 2.3.9  Below these toward the west are the Venicones, whose town is
Orrea 24°00' . 58°45'
More toward the east are the Taezali
and the town Devana 26°00' . 59°00'

§ 2.3.10  Below the Selgovae and Otalini are the Brigantes extending to both seas, among whom are the following towns:
Epiacum 18°30' . 58°30'
Vinovium 17°45' . 58°00'
Caturactonium 20°00' . 58°00'
Calatum 19°00' . 57°45'
Isurium 20°00' . 57°40'
Rigodunum 18°00' . 57°30'
Olicana 19°00' . 57°30'
Eboracum, Legio VI Victrix 20°00' . 57°20'
Camulodunum 18°00' . 57°45'
Near which on the Opportunum bay are the Parisi and the town Petuaria 20°40' . 56°40'

§ 2.3.11  Below these are the Brigantes but some distance toward the west are the Ordovices, among whom are the towns:
Mediolanum 16°45' . 56°40'
Brannogenium 16°45' . 56°15'
From these toward the east are the Cornavi, among whom are the towns:
Deva, Legio XX Victrix 17°30' . 56°45'
Viroconium 16°45' . 55°45'
Next to these are the Coritani, among whom are the towns:
Lindum 18°40' . 56°30'
Ratae 18°00' . 55°30'
Next are the Catuvellauni, among whom are the towns:
Salinae 20°45' . 55°50'
Urolanium 19°20' . 55°30'
Next to these are the Iceni,
whose town is called Venta 20°30' . 55°20'
Farther eastward and near the estuary of the Tamesa are the Trinovantes
and the town Camulodunum 21°00' . 55°00'

§ 2.3.12  Below the peoples we have mentioned, but more toward the west are the Demetae, whose towns are:
Luentinum 15°45' . 55°10'
Maridunum 15°30' . 54°40'
More toward the east are the Silures
whose town is Bullaeum 16°50' . 55°00'
Next to these are the Dobuni, and their town Corinium 18°00' . 54°10'
then the Atrebati
and their town Caleva 19°00' . 54°15'
Next to these, but farther eastward, are the Canti among whom are the towns:
Londinium 20°00' . 54°00'
Daruernum 21°00' . 54°00'
Rutupiae 21°45' . 54°00'

§ 2.3.13  Below the Atrebati and the Canti are the Regni and the town Noeomagus 19°45' . 53°05'
Below the Dobuni are the Belgae and the towns: Iscalis 16°00' . 53°40'
Aquae calidae 17°20' . 53°40'
Venta 18°40' . 53°00'
Toward the west and south of these are the Durotriges whose town is Dunium 18°00' . 52°40'
Next to these, but more to the west, are the Dumnoni, whose towns are: Voliba 14°45' . 52°00'
Uxella 15°00' . 52°45'
Tamara 15°00' . 52°15'
Isca, where is located Legio II Augusta 17°30' . 52°45'

§ 2.3.14  The islands which are near Albion island and the Orcades promontory are: Scetis island 32°40' . 60°45'
Dumna island 30°00' . 61°20'
Above these islands are the Orcades, about thirty in number, midpoint at 30°00' . 61°40'
Far above these is the island Thule. The part of this which extends much toward the west is at 29°00' . 63°00'
that which is farthest eastward is 31°40' . 63°00'
that which is farthest northward is 30°20' . 63°15'
that which is farthest southward is 30°20' . 62°40'
the middle is at 30°20' . 63°00'
Eastward from the Trinovantes region there are two islands: Toliapis 23°00' . 54°20'
Counus island 24°00' . 54°30'
Below Magnus Portus is the island Vectis, the middle of which is in 19°20' . 52°20'

§ 2.4.1  HISPANIA: In Hispania, or Iberia in the Greek language, there are three provinces, Baetica, Lusitania and Tarraconensis. The west and north sides of Baetica are determined by Lusitania and part of Tarraconensis respectively. A description of this side is as follows.

§ 2.4.2  The eastern mouth of the river Ana 4°20' . 37°30'
Before the river turns towards the east 6°20' . 39°00'
Where the river touches the border of Lusitania 9°00' . 39°00'
The line drawn from there along the border of Tarraconensis to where the Balearic sea ends 12°00' . 37°15'
The sources of the river 14°00' . 40°00'

§ 2.4.3  The side of Baetica towards the south is bounded by the Ocean at the Outer sea and the Herakles strait, and by the Iberian sea at the inner, sea. The description of this side is as follows:

§ 2.4.4  After the mouth of the river Ana on the Outer sea, the Turdetani:
Onoba Estuary 4°40' . 37°30'
Eastern mouth of Baetis river. 5°20' . 37°00'
Sources of the river 12°00' . 38°30'
Where the Asta joins it 6°00' . 36°45'

§ 2.4.5  Of the Turduli, Menesthus harbour 6°00' . 36°20'
the promontory from which the Strait begins, with a temple of Hera 5°45' . 36°05'
Mouth of the Baelon river 6°15' . 36°10'
Baelum city 6°15' . 36°40'

§ 2.4.6  Of the Bastuli who are called Phoenicians, Menralia 6°30' . 36°30'
Transducta 6°40' . 36°20'
Barbesola 7°15' . 36°10'
Cartaia 7°15' . 36°10'
Calpe mountain and pillar of the Inner sea. 7°30' . 36°15'

§ 2.4.7  In the Iberian sea, the mouth of the river Barbesola 7°40' . 36°20'
Souel 8°00' . 36°55'
Mouth of the river Salduba 8°30' . 37°00'
Malaca 8°50' . 37°30'
Maenoba 9°15' . 37°15'
Sex 9°45' . 37°15'
Selambina 10°15' . 37°15'
Exoche 10°50' . 37°05'
Abdara 10°45' . 37°30'
Portus Magnus 11°20' . 37°05'
Promontory of Charidemos 11°30' . 37°20'

§ 2.4.8  The remainder of the province and towards the winter sunrise is bounded along the Balearic Sea, by the line from the Charidemos promontory until the previously described end point, on which is Bareia city 11°45' . 37°10'

§ 2.4.9  The Bastuli occupy the coastal region that stretches from Menralia to Bareias city. Above this region in the interior and towards Tarraconensis, are the Turduli with the inland cities:
Segida 9°10' . 38°50'
Ilurgis 9°30' . 38°40'
Vogia 9°00' . 38°30'
Calpurniana 9°45' . 38°30'
Caecila 9°15' . 38°10'
Biniana 10°00' . 38°15'
Corduba (metropolis) 9°20' . 38°05'
Ulia 9°30' . 38°00'
Obulcum 10°10' . 38°00'
Arcilacis 8°45' . 37°45'
Detunda 8°40' . 37°55'
Murgis 8°15' . 37°20'
Saldoba 8°45' . 37°15'
Tucci 8°00' . 37°10'
Salara or Sala 7°30' . 37°00' Balda 7°00' . 36°40'
Ebora 6°15' . 36°30'
Onoba 6°10' . 36°20'
Greater Illipula 9°40' . 38°05'
Selia 9°40' . 37°45'
Vescos 9°30' . 37°30'
Escoa 9°10' . 37°30'
Artigis 9°40' . 37°20'
Calecula 10°10' . 37°45'
Lacibis 10°15' . 37°30'
Sacilis 10°55' . 37°50'
Lacippo 10°45' . 37°50'
Illiberis 11°00' . 37°40'

§ 2.4.10  Further inland alongside Lusitania, the Turdetani, with these cities: Canaca 4°15' . 38°00'
Seria 4°40' . 37°45'
Osca 5°00' . 37°15'
Caeriana 5°10' . 38°20'
Urium 5°40' . 38°20'
Illipula 6°00' . 38°00'
Setida 5°30' . 37°45'
Ptucci 5°30' . 37°20'
Sala 5°10' . 37°10'
Nabrissa 5°40' . 37°30'
Ugia 5°30' . 37°45'
Asta 6°00' . 37°20'
Corticata 6°40' . 38°20'
Lailia 6°30' . 38°10'
Italica 7°00' . 38°00'
Maxilua 6°20' . 37°20'
Ucia 7°00' . 37°40'
Carissa 6°30' . 37°30'
Calduba 6°40' . 37°15'
Paesula 7°00' . 37°10'
Saguntia 6°30' . 37°05'
Asindum 6°30' . 36°50'
Nertobriga 7°00' . 38°50'
Contributa 7°40' . 38°55'
Regina 7°10' . 37°55'
Cursu 8°00' . 38°40'
Mirobriga 7°00' . 38°25'
Spoletinum 7°20' . 38°20'
Laipa (or Illipa) greater 7°40' . 38°10'
Hispalis metropolis 7°15' . 37°45'
Obucola 8°00' . 37°45'
Calicula 7°40' . 37°45'
Oleastrum 7°20' . 37°30'
Ursone 7°30' . 37°25'
Baesippo 7°15' . 37°05'
Phornacis 8°30' . 38°50'
Arsa 8°40' . 38°35'
Asula 8°35' . 38°25'
Astigis 8°15' . 38°20'
Carmonia 8°10' . 38°00'

§ 2.4.11  In Celtic Baetica: Aruci 5°50' . 38°00'
Arunda 6°30' . 38°50'
Curgia 6°00' . 38°40'
Acinippo 6°30' . 38°30'
Oama 6°15' . 38°25'

§ 2.4.12  The named mountains in Baetica are Marianus, midpoint at 6°20' . 37°40' and the so-called Illipula, midpoint at 6°30' . 37°05'
And the island lying alongside the coast in the Outer sea, with its city. Gadeira 5°40' . 36°30'

§ 2.5.1  LUSITANIA
The southern side of Lusitania is the common boundary with the northern side of Baetica. The northern side links to Tarraconensis along the western part of the Dourius river. The mouth of the river, which flows into the Outer Sea, is at 5°20' . 41°50'
The part of the river where Lusitania begins is at 9°10' . 41°20'
The sources of the river 11°40' . 41°40'
The eastern side also links to Tarraconensis, and joins the above-mentioned end points on the Anas river and the Dourius river.

§ 2.5.2  The western side along the Western Ocean is as follows: After the mouth of the Ana river, the cities of the Turdetani:
Balsa 3°40' . 37°45'
Ossonoba 3°00' . 37°50'
Sacred Promontory 2°30' . 38°15'
Callipodos river mouth 5°00' . 39°00'
Salaceia 5°05' . 39°25'
Caitobrix 4°50' . 39°30'

§ 2.5.3  Of the Lusitani:
Barbarium Promontory 4°45' . 39°45'
Oliosipum 5°10' . 40°15'
Tagus river mouth 5°30' . 40°10'
Point at which it crosses over to Tarraconensis 10°00' . 40°10'
Sources of the river 11°40' . 40°45'
Mountain of the Moon summit 5°00' . 40°40'
Monda river mouth 5°10' . 40°50'
Vacus river mouth 5°10' . 41°20'
Dourius river mouth 5°20' . 41°50'

§ 2.5.4  The Turdetani occupy the area around the Sacred Promontory. They have the following inland cities in Lusitania:
Pax Julia 5°20' . 39°00'
Julia Myrtilis 5°15' . 38°45'

§ 2.5.5  Those Celtic people further inland have the following cities in Lusitania:
Laccobriga 5°45' . 40°15'
Caepiana 5°20' . 40°00'
Braetolaeum 6°00' . 40°00'
Mirobriga 5°20' . 39°45'
Arcobriga 5°40' . 39°00'
Meribriga 6°30' . 39°40'
Catraleucos 5°40' . 39°20'
White Towers (Pyrgoi Leukoi) 6°10' . 39°20'
Arandis 6°10' . 39°05'

§ 2.5.6  Above these the Lusitani, with these inland cities:
Lauara 5°50' . 41°45'
Aritium 5°40' . 41°30'
Selium 6°00' . 41°20'
Elbocoris 6°30' . 41°15'
Araducta 6°40' . 41°30'
Verurium 7°15' . 41°05'
Velladis 6°40' . 41°05'
Aeminium 7°20' . 41°30'
Chretina 5°30' . 40°40'
Arabriga 5°40' . 40°30'
Scalabis Colonia 6°00' . 41°00'
Tacubis 6°20' . 40°45'
Concordia 6°40' . 40°30'
Talabriga 7°30' . 40°45'
Rusticana 7°10' . 40°30'
Mendeculeia or Mendiculnia 6°50' . 40°15'
Caurium 6°40' . 40°00'
Turmogum 8°00' . 40°15'
Burdua 7°20' . 40°00'
Colarnum 6°50' . 39°45'
Sallaicos 6°40' . 39°30'
Ammaia 7°00' . 39°20'
Ebura 7°00' . 39°05'
Norba Caesarea 7°50' . 39°55'
Liciniana 7°20' . 39°40'
Augusta Emerita 8°00' . 39°30'
Enandria 7°20' . 39°15'
Geraia 7°40' . 39°05'
Caecilia Gemellina or Metellina 8°30' . 39°30'
Cappasa 8°40' . 39°10'

§ 2.5.7  At the furthest east the Vettones, in these cities:
Lancia Oppidana 8°30' . 41°40'
Cottaiobriga 8°00' . 41°30'
Salmantica 8°45' . 41°45'
Augustobriga 8°00' . 41°15'
Ocelum 8°20' . 41°15'
Capara 8°30' . 41°00'
Manliana 8°20' . 41°00'
Laconimurgi 8°20' . 40°45'
Deobriga 8°40' . 40°40'
Obila 8°45' . 40°25'
Lama 8°30' . 40°05'
An island lying off Lusitania, Londobris 3°00' . 41°00'

§ 2.6.1  The western side of Tarraconensis is beside the western Ocean and this stretches from the mouth of the river Dorius.
Of the Callaici Braicares:
Avus river mouth 5°30' . 42°15'
Avarus Promontory 5°30' . 42°30'
Nebios river mouth 5°40' . 42°45'
Limios river mouth 5°30' . 43°15'
Minios river mouth 5°15' . 43°40'
The sources of the river 11°30' . 44°15'

§ 2.6.2  Of the Callaici Lucensi: Orvium Peak 5°30' . 44°00'
Ovia river mouth 5°40' . 44°15'
Tamara river mouth 5°40' . 44°40'
Artabri harbour 5°20' . 45°00'
Nerium promontory 5°15' . 45°10'

§ 2.6.3  Situated above the northern side is the ocean called Cantabrius, and this is defined as being drawn from the Nerium promontory:
Sestian Altars promontory 5°40' . 45°30'
Vir river mouth 6°15' . 45°30' the next promontory 6°30' . 45°30'

§ 2.6.4  Of the Callaici Lucensi in the Great Harbour, Flavium Brigantium 7°15' . 45°00'
Lapatia Corus promontory and Trileucum 8°15' . 45°50'
Mearus river mouth 7°00' . 45°45'
Nabius river mouth 10°20' . 45°40'
Navialavionos river mouth 11°20' . 45°45'

§ 2.6.5  Of the Paisici: Flavionavia 11°45' . 45°25'
Nailos river mouth 12°00' . 45°30'

§ 2.6.6  Of the Cantabri: Noiga Ucesia 13°00' . 45°40'
(Noigaucesios river mouth 13°00' . 45°25')

§ 2.6.7  Of the Autrigones: Nerva river mouth 13°10' . 44°40'
Flaviobriga 13°30' . 44°15'

§ 2.6.8  Of the Caristi: Deova river mouth 13°45' . 44°25'

§ 2.6.9  Of the Varduli: Menosca 14°20' . 45°00'
(Melacos river mouth 15°00' . 44°00')

§ 2.6.10  Of the Vascones: Oiasso city 15°10' . 45°05'
Oiasso extreme end of the Pyrenees 15°10' . 45°50'

§ 2.6.11  The eastern side, towards the summer sunrise, is bounded by the Pyrenees from the above-mentioned promontory to where the mountain chain meets Our Sea, on the headland where the sanctuary of Aphrodite is established, 20°00' . 42°20'
The mountain is curved in such a way that it faces Hispania, while being between the mountain heights and part of Tarraconensis, at 17°00' . 43°00'

§ 2.6.12  The remainder of Tarraconensis, one side lies alongside Lusitania and Baetica and that which lies alongside the Balearic Sea, turns towards the winter sunrise, with the following description: Afte the limit toward Baetica, at 12°00' . 37°15'

§ 2.6.14  The sea coast of the Bastitani at Urci 12°00' . 37°20'
The sea coast of the Contestani: Lucentum 12°30' . 37°30'
New Carchedon 12°15' . 37°55'
Scombraria headland 12°55' . 38°05'
Taberos river mouth 12°30' . 38°30'
Alonae 12°40' . 38°25'
Saetabus river mouth 13°00' . 38°45'
Illicitanus harbour 13°30' . 38°45'
Sucro river mouth 14°00' . 38°50'

§ 2.6.15  The sea coast of the Edetani:
Pallantia river mouth 14°40' . 38°55'
Turios river mouth 15°00' . 39°00'
Dianium 15°40' . 39°30'

§ 2.6.16  The sea coast of the Ilercaones:
Tenebrium promontory 15°55' . 39°40'
Tenebrium harbour 15°30' . 40°00'
Iberus river mouth 16°00' . 40°30'
Mid–point of the length of the river 14°00' . 42°00'
Sources of the river 12°30' . 44°00'

§ 2.6.17  The sea coast of the Cosetani:
Tarraco 16°20' . 40°40'
Subur 16°50' . 40°45'

§ 2.6.18  The sea coast of the Laeetani:
Barcinum 17°15' . 41°00'
Rubricatum river mouth 17°15' . 41°15'
Baetulon 17°50' . 41°20'
Lunarium peak 18°30' . 41°30'
Dilurum or Ailurum 18°00' . 41°50'
Blanda 18°15' . 42°00'

§ 2.6.19  The sea coast of the Indigetae:
Sambroca river mouth 18°30' . 42°10'
Emporiae 18°45' . 42°20'
Clodianum river mouth 19°00' . 42°10'
Rode city 19°30' . 42°30'
after which the Aphrodision sanctuary 20°15' . 42°20'

§ 2.6.20  Named mountains in Tarraconensis are Vindium, with the following end points, 9°00' . 45°00' and 11°30' . 44°30'
and Edulium with end points 14°40' . 42°15' and 16°00' . 43°00'
and Idubeda with end points 14°00' . 41°30' and 14°15' . 39°00'
and Ortospeda with end points 12°00' . 37°00' and 14°00' . 39°40'

§ 2.6.21  The Artabri occupy the territory around the Nerium promontory in these cities:
Claudiomerium 5°45' . 45°10'
Novium 6°10' . 44°45'

§ 2.6.22  Close to them are the Callaici Lucensii with the following cities of the interior:
Burum 8°15' . 45°05'
Olina 8°30' . 45°30'
Vika 9°20' . 45°20'
Libunca 10°15' . 45°40'
Pintia 10°10' . 44°55'
Caronium 7°00' . 44°45'
Turuptiana 6°20' . 43°45'
Glandomirum 7°00' . 43°30'
Ocelum 8°20' . 44°25'
Turriga or Turgina 8°50' . 44°35'

§ 2.6.23  Of the Capori, Iria Flavia 6°25' . 44°30'
Lucus Augustus 7°25' . 44°25'
Of the Cilini, Aquae Calidae 6°20' . 44°20'
Of the Lemavi, Dactonium 7°30' . 44°00'
Of the Baedui, Flavia Lambris 7°50' . 44°15'
Of the Sevurri, Talamina 8°30' . 44°30'
Aquae Quintinae 8°30' . 45°10'
East of these are the Asturii in these cities: Lucus Asturium 11°00' . 45°00'
Labernis 11°00' . 44°30'
Interamnium 10°15' . 44°30'
Argenteola 9°20' . 44°45'
Lanciati 9°20' . 43°30'
Maliaca 10°20' . 44°00'
Gigia 11°30' . 43°45'
Bergidum Flavium 8°30' . 43°45'
Interamnium Flavium 9°00' . 44°00'
Legion VII Germanicus 9°00' . 44°30'
Of the Brigaecini, Brigaecium 10°00' . 44°50'

§ 2.6.30  Of the Bedunisii, Bedunia 10°50' . 43°55'
Of the Orniaci, Intercatia 11°10' . 44°15'
Of the Lungoni, Paelontium 11°40' . 44°45'
Of the Saelini, Nardinium 10°20' . 43°45'
Of the Superati, Petavonium 9°30' . 43°40'
Of the Amaci, Asturica Augusta 9°30' . 44°00'
Of the Teiburi, Nemetobriga 7°30' . 43°45'
Of the Eggurri or Gigurri, Forum Gigurri 8°00' . 43°45'
The territory between the rivers Minios and Dorius, and up to the sea is occupied by the Callaici Bracarii, in these cities: Bracara Augusta 6°00' . 43°40'
Caladunum 6°30' . 43°30'
Pinetos 7°40' . 43°30'
Complutica 8°20' . 43°25'
Tuntobriga 8°30' . 43°05'
Araducca 6°00' . 41°25'
Of the Turodi, Aquae Laiae 6°30' . 43°05'

§ 2.6.40  Of the Nemetati, Volobriga 6°00' . 42°35'
Of the Of the Coilerini, Coiliobriga 6°00' . 42°20'
Of the Bibali, Forum Bibali 7°20' . 43°20'
Of the Limici, Forum Limici 6°30' . 42°45'
Of the Gruii, Tudae 8°20' . 42°45'
Of the Luanci, Merua 7°30' . 42°40'
Of the Cuacerni, Aquae Cuacernae 7°20' . 42°20'
Of the Loubaini, Cambaetum 8°10' . 42°20'
Of the Narbasi, Forum Narbasi 8°00' . 42°00'
Inland from these are the Vaccaei, in these inland cities: Bargiacis 9°45' . 43°30'
Intercatia 10°15' . 43°25'
Viminacium 11°00' . 43°30'
Porta Augusta 9°40' . 43°20'
Antraca 10°00' . 43°15'
Laccobriga or Meobriga 10°40' . 43°20'
Aivia or Alvia 10°20' . 43°00'
Sepontia Paramica 9°30' . 43°00'
Gella or Pella 9°40' . 42°55'
Albocela 9°40' . 42°40'
Rauda 9°20' . 42°30'
Segisama Julia 9°45' . 42°40'
Pallantia 10°30' . 42°30'
Eldana 9°00' . 42°20'
Covgium 9°40' . 42°25'
Cauca 10°00' . 42°20'
Ectodourum 9°40' . 42°10'
Pintia 10°10' . 42°00'
Sentica 9°00' . 42°00'
Sarabris 9°40' . 41°40'

§ 2.6.50  The east of Asturias is occupied by the Cantabri in these inland cities, Concana 12°10' . 44°40'
Ottaviolca 12°40' . 44°45'
Argenomescum 12°00' . 44°30'
Vadinia 11°20' . 44°25'
Vellica 12°30' . 44°15'
Camarica 11°45' . 44°05'
Juliobriga 12°10' . 44°00'
Moroica 11°45' . 43°50'

§ 2.6.51  Under these the Morbogi, in these cities: Brauon 12°00' . 43°40'
Sisaraca [Pisoraca] 11°30' . 43°30'
Deobrigula 11°50' . 43°20'
Ambrisna 11°10' . 43°50'
Setisacum 12°00' . 43°10'
Further east of these and the Cantabri, the Autrigones in these cities of the interior: Uxama Barca 13°00' . 44°15'
Segisamoncolum 13°00' . 43°50'
Virvesca 12°30' . 43°30'
Antecuia 13°00' . 43°40'
Deobriga 13°15' . 43°30'
Vendelia 12°40' . 43°15'
Salionca 13°00' . 42°05'
And below the Morbogi, the Pelendones in these cities: Visontium 11°10' . 42°55'
Augustobriga 11°30' . 42°40'
Savia 12°30' . 42°40'
Below the Autrigones, the Berones in these cities: Tritium Metallum 13°00' . 42°50'
Oliba 13°00' . 41°40'
Vareia 13°00' . 42°45'
Below the Pelendones and the Berones, the Arevaci in these ancient inland cities: Confloenta 11°00' . 42°50'
Clunia Colonia 11°00' . 42°00'
Termes 11°30' . 42°25'
Uxama Argaila 11°30' . 42°30'
Segortia Lagca 12°30' . 41°55'
Veluca 11°20' . 41°50'
Tucris 12°40' . 42°30'
Numantia 12°30' . 41°50'
Segovia 13°30' . 42°25'
Novodagosia or Nova Augusta 13°15' . 42°10'
Back again, further towards the equator and the territory of the Vaccaei and the Arevaci, there are the Carpetani in these cities: Ilurbida 9°40' . 41°20'
Eteleosta or Egeleosta 10°30' . 41°40'
Ilarcuris 11°00' . 41°35'
Varada 11°30' . 41°30'
Thermida 12°00' . 41°35'
Tituacia 13°00' . 41°20'
Mantua 11°40' . 41°15'
Toletum 10°00' . 41°00'
Complutum 10°50' . 41°05'
Caracca 11°20' . 40°50'
Libora 9°45' . 40°45'
Ispinum 10°15' . 40°45'
Metercosa 10°20' . 40°35'
Barnacis 11°00' . 40°30'
Alternia 11°30' . 40°25'
Paterniana 9°50' . 40°15'
Rigusa 10°30' . 40°15'
Laminium 10°20' . 39°50'
Further east of these, the Celtiberes in these cities: Belsinum 13°50' . 41°55'
Turiasso 13°50' . 41°40'
Nertobriga 14°00' . 41°45'
Bilbis 14°45' . 41°30'
Arcobriga 13°25' . 41°25'
Cesada or Caisada 12°10' . 41°00'
Mediolum 13°00' . 41°00'
Attacum 13°30' . 41°05'
Ergavica 12°20' . 40°45'
Segobriga 13°30' . 40°50'
Condabora 13°10' . 40°30'
Bursada 12°45' . 40°50'
Laxta 13°30' . 40°50'
Valeria 12°30' . 40°25'
Istonium 11°30' . 40°15'
Alaba 12°00' . 40°20'
Libana or Loibana 12°20' . 40°10'
Urcesa or Urcaisa 11°40' . 39°45'
Further south of these and the Carpetani, the Oretani and their cities: Salaria 9°20' . 40°00'
Sisapone 10°00' . 39°55'
Oretum Germanus 9°10' . 39°40'
Aimiliana 10°00' . 39°00'
Mirobriga 9°30' . 39°30'
Salica 10°40' . 39°00'
Libisoca 11°20' . 39°00'
Castulum 9°30' . 39°00'
Lusparia 9°45' . 39°30'
Mentisa 10°20' . 39°00'
Cervaria 11°00' . 39°05'
Biatia 10°00' . 38°45'
Laccuris 10°45' . 38°20'
And below and towards the east of the Celtiberi, the Lobetani in the city Lobetum 13°00' . 40°20'

§ 2.6.60  Below these and alongside the Oretani, the Bastitani in these inland cities: Pucialia 13°20' . 39°45'
Salaria 13°00' . 39°40'
Turbula 13°30' . 39°45'
Saltiga 12°00' . 39°30'
Bigerra 12°30' . 39°40'
Abula 11°40' . 39°15'
Asso 12°00' . 39°15'
Belgoula or Bergoulda 11°20' . 39°45'
Carca 11°00' . 38°35'
Ilunum 11°30' . 38°40'
Arcilacis 11°20' . 37°45'
Segisa 11°15' . 38°20'
Orcelis 11°30' . 38°05'
Vergilia 11°10' . 38°00'
Acci 11°45' . 37°35'

§ 2.6.61  The Contestani come after these, on the sea, with these inland cities: Menlaria 13°45' . 37°15'
Valentia 14°00' . 37°05'
Saitabis 13°10' . 37°00'
Saitabicula 13°40' . 38°55'
Ilicias or Illicis 12°20' . 38°30'
Iaspis 12°20' . 38°15'

§ 2.6.62  Further to the east of these and the Bastitani and the Celtiberi, the Edetani in these inland cities: Caesaraugusta 14°30' . 41°30'
Bernaba 14°10' . 41°15'
Ebora 14°40' . 41°00'
Beleia 14°30' . 40°45'
Arse or Arsi 14°40' . 40°40'
Damania 14°30' . 40°30'
Leonica 14°40' . 40°15'
Osicerda 14°15' . 40°10'
Etobesa 14°20' . 39°45'
Lassira 14°50' . 39°40'
Edeta and/or Leiria 14°20' . 38°25'
Saguntum 14°35' . 38°40'

§ 2.6.63  Now, even further to the east, the Ilercaoni with inland cities: Old Carchedon 16°40' . 41°20'
Biscargis 14°55' . 41°10'
Theva 15°15' . 40°40'
Adeba 15°40' . 40°30'
Tiarioula 15°30' . 40°20'
Sigarra 15°05' . 40°15'
Dertosa 15°15' . 40°00'

§ 2.6.64  In the area between the Iber and the Pyrenees, lying next to the Autrigones, through whose territory the river flows, to the east are the Caristi with these inland cities: Suestasium 13°40' . 40°15'
Tulicca 13°40' . 43°45'
Velia or Veleia 13°55' . 43°20'

§ 2.6.65  Further to the east of these, the Varduli in these inland cities: Gebala 14°00' . 43°50'
Gabalaica 14°30' . 43°45'
Tulonium 14°55' . 43°30'
Alba 14°35' . 43°10'
Segontia Paramica 14°30' . 43°15'
Tritium Tuboricum 13°00' . 42°50'
Thabuca 14°00' . 42°50'

§ 2.6.66  After these the Vasoconi, in these inland cities: Iturissa 15°25' . 43°55'
Pompelon 15°00' . 43°45'
Bituris 15°30' . 43°40'
Andelos 15°30' . 43°30'
Nematurista 15°05' . 43°05'
Curnonium 14°50' . 43°15'
Iacca 15°30' . 43°15'
Gracuris 15°00' . 43°05'
Calorgorina 14°40' . 42°55'
Bascontum or Cascontum 15°00' . 42°45'
Ergavia 14°30' . 42°30'
Tarraga 14°45' . 42°30'
Muscaria 14°20' . 42°25'
Setia 14°40' . 42°15'
Alavona 14°40' . 41°55'

§ 2.6.67  And again after these, the Ilergeti, in these inland cities: Bergusia 16°30' . 43°00'
Celsa 16°00' . 42°45'
Bergidum 15°30' . 42°30'
Erga 15°45' . 42°15'
Succosa 15°10' . 42°10'
Osca 16°00' . 42°10'
Burtina 16°30' . 41°55'
Gallica Flavia 15°30' . 41°40'
Orcia 15°00' . 41°30'
Ilerda 15°25' . 41°25'

§ 2.6.68  Below these and further to the east are the Ceretani, with this city: Julia Libyca 17°20' . 42°45'

§ 2.6.69  Alongside them, towards the west, the Ausetani and cities: Aquae Calidae 42°40'

§ 2.6.70  And with these, the Castellani, in these inland cities: Sebendunum 17°55' . 42°30'
Basi 17°55' . 42°15'
Egosa 17°20' . 41°55'
Beseda 17°30' . 41°50'

§ 2.6.71  And further to the west of these, the Iaccetani in these cities: Lesa 16°20' . 42°00'
Vedura 16°30' . 41°45'
Ascerris 16°00' . 41°40'
Setelsis or Selensis 16°40' . 41°35'
Telobis 16°00' . 41°30'
Ceresus 15°40' . 41°20'
Bacasis 16°45' . 41°25'
Ie(s)pos 15°30' . 41°00'
Anabis 16°20' . 41°00'
Cinna 15°50' . 40°45'

§ 2.6.72  The Endigeti have these inland cities: Deciana 18°50' . 42°35'
Iuncaria 18°30' . 42°20'
The Laentani in this inland city: Rubricata 17°20' . 41°35'

§ 2.6.73  Islands alongside Tarraconensis with three headlands, in the Cantabrian Ocean, are called the Trileuci, hold the location thus 9°00' . 46°45'
In the western ocean the Cassiterides, ten in number, hold the position 4°00' . 45°30'
In the Balearic Sea the islands of Pitousi of which the smaller is called Ophiussis 14°45' . 38°20' while the larger has a city called Ebussos 14°00' . 38°05'
And also in the Balearic Sea are two islands, (known as) Gymnesiai to the Greeks. The larger (Majorca) has two cities: Palma 16°30' . 39°15'
Pollentia 16°10' . 39°15' and the smaller (Minorca) with the two old cities,
Iamna 17°10' . 39°30'
Mago 17°30' . 39°30'

§ 2.7.1  Celto–Galatia is divided into four provinces; Aquitania, Lugdunensis, Belgica and Narbonensis. Aquitania is bounded to the west by the Aquitanian Ocean, by the following shore description: after the Ocasso promontory of the Pyrenees at 15°00' . 45°50'
Aturios river mouth 16°45' . 44°45'
Sigmatis River mouth 17°00' . 45°20'
Curianum Promontory 16°30' . 46°00'
Garuna River mouth 17°30' . 46°30'
Mid-point of its length 18°00' . 45°20'
River source 19°30' . 44°15'
Santonum promontory 16°30' . 46°45'
Canentelus River mouth 17°15' . 47°45'
Pictonium promontory 17°00' . 48°00'
Sicor Harbour 17°30' . 48°15'
Liger (Loire) river mouth 17°40' . 48°30'

§ 2.7.2  From the north it is bounded by part of Lugdunensis province along the river Liger until it turns southwards, at 20°00' . 48°30'

§ 2.7.3  The eastern side adjoins the part of Lugdunensis by the Liger River until its head, at 20°00' . 44°30'
And then part of Narbonensis until the point of the Pyrenees at 18°45' . 42°40'

§ 2.7.4  And on the south side it partly adjoins the Pyrenees and Narbonensis, by that part of Narbonensis from the head of the River Liger until the mentioned point of the Pyrenees in the west, and by the Pyrenees at the part on this side of the Ocasso promontory.

§ 2.7.5  The Pictones occupy the northern part of Aquitania along the side of the river and the sea, with these cities: Ratiatum 17°45' . 48°20'
Limonum 19°00' . 47°45'

§ 2.7.6  Below these are the Santones, their city being Mediolanium 17°40' . 46°45'
Below these are the Bituriges Vibisci whose cities are Noviomagus 17°40' . 46°15'
Burdigala 18°00' . 45°30'
Below these and extending to the Pyrenees are the Tarbelli and their city is:
Aquae Augustae 17°00' . 44°40'
In the interior below the Pictones are the Limovici and their city Augustoritum 17°40' . 47°45'
Next to these the Cadurci and their city Dueona 19°00' . 46°15'
Below these are the Petrocori and city Vesuna 19°50' . 46°50'

§ 2.7.10  The Bituriges Cubi are east of all these, extending also after the Liger river, and their city Avaricum 20°15' . 46°40'
Again, below the Petrocori are the Nitiobriges and their city Aginnum 19°45' . 46°15'
Below these are the Vassari and the city Cossium 18°30' . 46°15'
Below them the Gabali and their city Anderedum 19°45' . 45°30'
And below the Gabali are the Datii and the city Tasta 19°00' . 45°15'
Below these the Auscii and their city Augusta 18°00' . 45°30'
East of these are part of the Arverni and the city Augustonemetum 19°00' . 45°00'
And below the Auscii are the Velauni and the city Ruessium 18°00' . 44°30'
Below these are the Ruteni and the city Segodunum 17°15' . 44°10'
Adjoining the Pyrenees are the Convenae and their city Lugdunum Colonia 17°00' . 44°00'

§ 2.8.1  Celto–Galatia Lugdunensis
The sides of Lugdunensis which connect to Aquitania have been described; of the rest, that towards the west and the sea, has this description: After the mouth of the Liger river, Brivates Harbour 17°40' . 48°45'
Herius River mouth 17°00' . 49°15'
Vidana or Vidana Harbour 16°30' . 49°40'
Gabaeum promontory 15°15' . 49°45'

§ 2.8.2  The northern side along the Britannic Sea is as follows: after the Gabaeum promontory, Saliocanus Harbour 16°30' . 50°00'
Titus River mouth 17°20' . 50°20'
Of the Vidoucasii, Aregenoua 18°00' . 50°30'
Of the Venelli, Crociatonnum 18°50' . 50°20'
Olina River mouth 18°45' . 51°00'
Of the Lexubii Noeomagus 19°30' . 51°10'
Sequana River mouth 20°00' . 51°30'

§ 2.8.3  The eastern side joins on to Belgica at the Sequana River, median point of which is 24°00' . 47°20'
and by a straight line to the end point at 25°00' . 45°30'

§ 2.8.4  The southern side is bounded by the part on this side of Narbonensis as far as the mentioned end point by Aquitania, the Cemmena mountains, mid-point 20°20' . 44°30'

§ 2.8.5  The Caletes occupy the northern coast from the Sequana River; their city is Iuliobona 20°15' . 51°10'
After these the Lexubii, then the Venelli and afterwards the Viducasii and finally, up to the Gabaeum promontory, the Osismi whose city is Vorgum 17°40' . 50°10'

§ 2.8.6  The Osismi have the Veneti below them on the western sea coast, whose city is Darioritum 17°20' . 49°15'
Below these the Samanites, being associated with the Liger River.

§ 2.8.7  In the interior, further east than the Veneti, are the Aulircii Diablites, whose city is Noeodunum 18°00' . 50°00'
After them are the Arvii and the the city Vagoritum 18°40' . 50°00'
After these, until the Sequana River, are the Veneliocasii, whose city is Ratomagus 20°10' . 50°20'

§ 2.8.8  And again, east of the Samanites are the Audicavae and their city Iuliomagus 18°50' . 49°20'
Next to these are the Aulircii Cenomani, whose city is Vindinum 20°45' . 49°20'
After these are the Namnetes, their city being Condevincum 21°45' . 50°00'
Then next to the Sequana River, the Abrigcatesi and city Ingena 21°45' . 50°30'

§ 2.8.9  Below all those mentioned the Aulirci Eburvici extend from the Liger River to the Sequana River and their city is Mediolanium 20°40' . 48°00'
Below these, by the Liger River are the Rhedones or Rheidones, whose city is Condate 20°40' . 47°20'
And further to the east of these the Senones, their city being Agedicum 21°15' . 47°10'

§ 2.8.10  By the Sequana River the Carnutes and their cities: Autricum 21°40' . 48°15'
Cenabum 22°00' . 47°50'
Below these the Parisi and their city Parisian Lucotecia 23°30' . 48°30'
Below these the Tricasii and their city Augustobona 23°15' . 47°45'

§ 2.8.11  Also below these tribes, the Turoni happen to live along the Liger, and their city Caesarondunum 20°45' . 46°30'
Below these, bordering the Arverni, and who inhabit the Cemmenos Mountains are the Segusiavi whose cities are Rhodumna 20°00' . 45°50'
Forum Segusianorum 20°30' . 45°30'
Further to the east are the Meldae and their city Iatinum 23°30' . 46°50'
Next to these and towards Belgica are the Vadicasii and their city Noeomagus 24°20' . 46°30'

§ 2.8.12  East of the Arverni until the northward turn of the river Rhone, is the tribe of the Aedui and their cities:
Augustodunum 23°40' . 46°30'
Cabyllinum 22°50' . 45°40'
Lugdunum metropolis 23°15' . 45°20'

§ 2.9.1  The western border of Belgic Gallia along Lugdunensis has been described, to the north along the Britannic Ocean is as follows:
After the mouth of the Sequana River, Phrudios River mouth 20°45' . 52°20'
Itium promontory 22°15' . 53°30'
Gesoriacum naval station of the Morini, 22°45' . 53°30'
Tabulla River mouth 23°30' . 53°20'
Mosa River mouth 24°40' . 53°20'
Lugdunum of the Batavians 26°30' . 53°20'
Rhine River western mouth 26°30' . 53°20'
Middle mouth of river 27°00' . 53°30'
Eastern mouth of river 28°00' . 54°00'

§ 2.9.2  The eastern side is bounded by the Rhine river, alongside Germania Magna, the source of which has the position; 29°20' . 46°00'
The point on the Rhine River relating to where the River Obrincas joins from the west.
Obrincas River junction 28°00' . 50°00'
And from the source in the Alps mountains to the mountain called Adulas;
Adulas mountain 29°30' . 45°15'
Jurassus mountain 26°15' . 46°00'

§ 2.9.3  The remaining southern side joins part of Gallia Narbonensis, and extends from the common boundary of Lugdunensis and Narbonensis already mentioned until the common terminus of the Alps and Adulas mountain, which have the coordinates 29°15' . 45°15'

§ 2.9.4  The Atribati occupy the sea coast and having possession of a large part of the interior along the Sequana River, their city being Nemetacum 22°00' . 51°00'
Next to these, toward the east are the Bellovaci, and their city Caesaromagus 22°50' . 51°20'
Similarly, next are the Ambiani and their city Samarobriva 22°15' . 52°30'
After these the Morini and their inland city Tarvanna 22°40' . 53°15'

§ 2.9.5  Then after the Tabula River the Tungri and their city Atuatucum 24°30' . 52°20'
Then after the Mosa River the Menapii and their city Castellum 25°00' . 22°15'

§ 2.9.6  Below the tribes we have mentioned, furthest to the north, dwell the Nervii, whose city is Bagacum 25°15' . 51°40'
And below these are the Subanecti whose city on the eastern bank of the Sequana River is Ratomagus 22°40' . 50°00'
After these are the Viromandues, their city being Augusta Viromanduum 25°30' . 50°00'
Below these are the Vessones, with their city similarly on the eastern side of the Sequana River, Augusta Vessonum 23°30' . 49°20'
Next to these, along the river, the Remi and their city Durocottorum 23°30' . 48°30'

§ 2.9.7  Further east than the Remi are, more northerly, the Treveri and their city Augusta Treverum 26°00' . 48°10'
Further to the south are the Mediomatrices and their city Dividurum 25°30' . 46°20'
And below these and the Remi are the Leuci and their cities: Tullium 26°30' . 47°00'
Nasium 24°50' . 46°40'

§ 2.9.8  The territory alongside the Rhine from the sea until the Abrinca River is called Lower Germania; in which the cities are on the west bank, of the Batavians in the interior: Batavodurum 27°15' . 52°30'
below this is Veterra 27°30' . 51°50'
Legion XXX Ulpia, then Agrippenensis 27°40' . 51°30'
then Bonna 27°40' . 50°55'
Legion I Athena (Minerva) and then Traiane Legion 28°30' . 50°35'
then Mocontiacum 27°20' . 50°15'

§ 2.9.9  From the Abrinca River to the south is called Upper Germania, in which the cities, beginning from the Abrinca River, are:
Of the Nemetes Noeomagus 27°50' . 49°50'
Rufiniana 27°50' . 49°10'
Of the Vengiones
Borbetomagus 27°50' . 48°50'
Argentoratum 27°50' . 48°50'
Legion VIII Augusta, of the Tribocci Breucomagus 27°50' . 48°20'
Helcebus 28°00' . 48°00'
Of the Raurici
Augusta Rauricorum 28°00' . 47°00'
Argentovaria 27°50' . 47°40'
Below these and the Leuci dwell the Longones, their city being Andomatunnum 26°15' . 46°20'

§ 2.9.10  And after the mountain lying below them, which is called Jurassus, are the Helveti along the River Rhine, with cities Ganodurum 28°30' . 46°30'
Forum Tiberii 28°00' . 46°00'
The Sequani are below these, their cities being Dittavium 25°30' . 45°40'
Visontium 26°00' . 46°00'
Equestris 26°00' . 45°40'
Avanticum 28°00' . 45°30'

§ 2.10.1  Gallia Narbonensis
The borders of Narbonensis with the neighboring three provinces have been described; of the rest, the one to the east is bounded by the western part of the Alps from Adulas mountain to the mouths of the Varus river, at 27°30' . 43°00'
The southern side is bounded by the rest of the Pyrenees mountains from Aquitania as far as the extreme tip of the mountain upon our sea, upon which is the hieron of Aphrodite, and by the Gallic sea as far as the mouth of the Varus river. The shores of this sea are described as follows:

§ 2.10.2  After the Aphrodision 20°20' . 42°20'
Illiberis river mouth 21°00' . 42°40'
Ruscion river mouth 21°15' . 42°45'
Atages river mouth 21°30' . 42°45'
Orobios river mouth 21°45' . 42°45'
Araurius river mouth 22°00' . 42°50'
Agathe city 22°15' . 42°50'
Setium Mt. 22°30' . 42°30'
Fossae Marianae 22°40' . 42°40' western mouth of the Rhodanus (Rhone) river 22°50' . 42°40'
Rhodanus eastern mouth 23°00' . 42°50'
The turn of the river toward the Alps, below Lugdunum 23°00' . 45°15'
the part by its lake, which is called Leman 27°15' . 45°15'
the source of the river 28°20' . 44°20'

§ 2.10.3  Of the rivers flowing into it from the part north of Lugdunum both the Arar and the Dubis flow into it, having mixed with each other; the sources of the Arar, which flow from the Alps, at 28°40' . 44°40'
The sources of the Dubis river, which flows below it 28°30' . 44°30'
After flowing north from the Alps they turn toward the west, and their confluence is at 25°20' . 45°30'
The confluence with the Rhodanus river is at 24°00' . 45°30'

§ 2.10.4  Into the part south of the town of Vienne, flow the Isar river and the Druentia river, likewise from the Alps; and the sources of the Isar are at 28°00' . 44°00'
and the headwaters of the Druentia at 28°00' . 43°45'
Again, the confluence of the Isar with the Rhodanus is at 22°40' . 44°30'
that of the Druentia at 22°40' . 43°50'

§ 2.10.5  After the Rhodanus on the sea, of the Avatici, Maritima city, a colonia 23°30' . 43°05'
next the Caenus river mouth 23°45' . 43°00'
Then of the Comani, Massalia city 24°30' . 43°05'
and Tauroentium 24°50' . 42°50'
and Kitharistes promontory 25°00' . 42°30'
Olbia city 25°10' . 42°45'
Argentios river mouth 25°40' . 42°45'
Forum Julii colonia 26°30' . 42°50'
Next of the Deciatians, Antipolis 27°00' . 43°00'
and the Varus river mouth 27°30' . 43°00'

§ 2.10.6   The Volci Tectosages occupy the westernmost parts of Narbonenses, whose inlands cities are Illiberis 19°45' . 43°15'
Ruscinon 20°00' . 43°30'
Tolosa colonia 20°10' . 44°15'
Cessero 21°15' . 44°00'
Carcaso 21°00' . 43°45'
Baetirae 21°30' . 43°30' Narbo colonia 21°30' . 43°15'
After these as far as the Rhodanus river are the Volci Arecomii, whose inland cities are Vindomagus 21°30' . 44°30'
Nemausus colonia 22°00' . 44°30'

§ 2.10.7  Next east of the Rhodanus the northernmost are the Allobriges below the Medulli, and their city is Vienna 23°00' . 45°00'
Below these further to the west are the Segallauni, whose city is Valentia colonia 23°00' . 44°30'
Further east are the Tricastini, whose city is Noeomagus 26°30' . 45°00'

§ 2.10.8  Next below the Segallauni the Cavari, whose cities are: Acusion colonia 23°00' . 44°15'
Avennion colonia 23°00' . 44°00' Arausion 24°00' . 44°30'
Cabellion colonia 24°00' . 44°00'
and below these the Salyes, whose cities are Taruscon 23°00' . 43°40'
Glanum 23°30' . 43°30'
Arelatum colonia 22°45' . 43°20' Aquae Sextiae colonia 24°30' . 43°20'
Ernaginum 24°00' . 43°30'
Below the Tricastini the Vocontii and the city Vasion 26°00' . 44°30' Below whom the Memini and their city Forum Neronis 25°40' . 44°45'
Below whom the Elycoci and their city Albaugusta 26°00' . 43°20'
East of the Vocontii and Memini are the Sentii, whose city is Dinia 27°10' . 44°20'

§ 2.10.9  Islands lying off Narbonenses are Agathe by the city of the same name, at 22°30' . 42°10'
after which Blascon, 22°30' . 42°20'
The Stoichades are five in number below Kitharistes, midpoint of which is 25°00' . 42°15'
Below the Varus river Lerone, at 27°45' . 42°15'

§ 2.11.1  Great Germany position
The western side of Germania is bounded by the river Rhenus, and the northern side by the Germanic Ocean, the outline of which is as follows. After the mouths of the river Rhenus:
Mouths of the river Vidrus . 27°20' . 54°45'
Harbour of Marnamenis . 28°00' . 54°15'
Mouths of the river Amisius . 29°00' . 55°00'
Sources of the river . 32°00' . 53°00'
Mouths of the river Visurgius . 31°00' . 55°00'
Sources of the river . 34°00' . 52°20'
Mouths of the river Albis . 31°00' . 56°15'
Sources of the river . 39°00' . 50°00'

§ 2.11.2  The promontory of the Cimbric Chersonesus beyond the Albis . 32°00' . 56°50'
The next promontory . 35°00' . 58°10'
The next and northernmost promontory . 38°40' . 59°20'
The first promontory after the turn . 39°10' . 59°10'
Its easternmost point . 40°15' . 58°20'
The next point below this . 37°00' . 57°00'
The turn towards the east . 35°00' . 56°00'
Mouths of the river Chalusus . 37°00' . 56°00'
Mouths of the river Syebus . 39°20' . 56°00'
Mouths of the river Viadua . 42°20' . 56°00'
Mouths of the river Vistula . 45°00' . 56°00'
The source of the river . 44°00' . 52°20'
The line running from its western side towards the Albis . 40°10' . 52°40'

§ 2.11.3  The southern side is bounded by the western part of the river Danube, whose position is as follows:
The source of the river Danube . 30°00' . 46°10'
The point at the bend of the first river flowing into Germania . 32°00' . 47°15'
The point at the bend of the river flowing southward, which is called the Aenus . 34°00' . 47°10'
The point at the bend of the second river flowing northward towards the Gabreta Silva . 36°00' . 46°40'
The point at the next bend of the river flowing northward along the Luna Silva . 39°10' . 47°10'
The next turn, from which it turns southward . 40°40' . 47°50'
The point at the bend of the river flowing southward, which is called the Arabon . 41°00' . 47°40'
The bend at Curta . 42°00' . 47°00'
The next turn at Carpis, which is the most northerly of all . 42°20' . 48°00'

§ 2.11.4  The eastern side is bounded by the interval stretching from the said turn to the Sarmatian mountains lying above, of which the southern end occupies the position . 42°20' . 48°20'
and the northern end . 43°20' . 50°20'
and by the line beyond the mountains leading to the said source of the river Vistula, and further by the river itself as far as the sea.

§ 2.11.5  Of the mountains that girdle Germania, the most notable are the aforementioned mountains properly called the Sarmatica, and those that share their name with the Alps and lie above the source of the river Danube, whose extremities occupy the positions . 29°00' . 47°00' and . 33°00' . 48°20'
and those called the Abnoba, whose extremities occupy the positions . 31°00' . 49°00' and . 31°00' . 52°00'
and the Melibocus, whose extremities occupy the positions . 33°00' . 52°20' and . 37°00' . 52°20'
below which lies the Semanus Silva; and the Asciburgium, whose extremities occupy the positions . 39°00' . 54°00' and . 44°00' . 52°20'
and further the mountains called the Sudeta, whose extremities occupy the positions . 34°00' . 50°00' and . 40°00' . 50°00'
below which lies the Gabreta Silva; between these and the Sarmatian mountains lies the Hyrcinian Forest.

§ 2.11.6  The parts of Germania along the river Rhenus are inhabited, beginning from the north, by the Bructeri Minores and the Sygambri, below whom are the Suebi the Langobardi; then the Tencteri and the Incriones between the Rhenus and the Abnoba mountains; and further the Intuvergi and the Vargiones and the Caritni, below whom are the Vispi and the desert of the Helvetii far as the aforementioned Alps mountains.

§ 2.11.7  The coastal region is inhabited above the Bructeri by the Frisii as far as the river Amisius, and after them the Cauchi Minores as far as the river Visurgius; then the Cauchi Maiores as far as the river Albis; and next, as far as the neck of the Cimbric Chersonesus, the Saxones; and the Chersonesus itself, above the Saxones on the western side, the Sigulones, then the Sabalingii, then the Cobandi, above whom the Chali, and still above these, more to the west the Fundusii, more to the east the Charudes, and most northerly of all the Cimbri; and after the Saxones, from the river Chalusus as far as the river Syebus, the Pharodeinoi, then the Seidini as far as the river Viadua, and after them the Ruticleii as far as the river Vistula.

§ 2.11.8  Of the inland and interior peoples, the greatest are the nation of the Suebi Angili, who are more easterly than the Langobardi, extending northward as far as the middle reaches of the river Albis, and the nation of the Suebi Semnones, who extend beyond the Albis from the said region eastward as far as the river Syebus, and the nation of the Burgundiones, who occupy the regions next beyond as far as the Vistula.

§ 2.11.9  Lesser peoples lying between: between the Cauchi Minores and the Suebi, the Bructeri Maiores, below whom the Chaemae; between the Cauchi Maiores and the Suebi, the Angrivarii, then the Laccobardi, below whom the Dulgumnii; between the Saxones and the Suebi, the Teutono-Varoi and the Viruni; between the Pharodeinoi and the Suebi, the Teutones and the Avarpi; between the Ruticleii and the Burgundiones, the Aelvaiones.

§ 2.11.10  Again, below the Semnones dwell the Silingae, below the Burgundiones the Lugi Omani, below whom the Lugi Diduni as far as the Asciburgium mountain; below the Silingae the Calucones on both sides of the river Albis, below whom the Cherusci and the Camavi as far as the Melibocus mountain, to the east of whom along the river Albis are the Baenochaemae, above whom the Bateinoi, and still above these, below the Asciburgium mountain, the Corconti and the Lugi Buri as far as the source of the river Vistula; below these, first the Sidones, then the Cogni, then the Visburgioi above the Hercynian Forest.

§ 2.11.11  Again, to the east of the Abnoba mountains, below the Suebi dwell the Casuari, then the Nertereani, then the Danduti, below whom the Turoni and the Maruingi; below the Camavi the Chatti and the Tubantes, and above the Sudeta mountains the Teuriochaemae, and below the mountains the Varisti; then the Gabreta Silva; and below the Maruingi the Curiones, then the Chaetuvori, and as far as the river Danube the Parmaecampi; below the Gabreta Silva the Marcomani, below whom the Sudini, and as far as the river Danube the Adrabaecampi; below the Orcynius Drumus the Quadi, below whom are the iron mines and the Luna Silva, below which is the great nation of the Baemi as far as the Danube, and contiguous with them along the river the Racatriae and those at the bends, the Racatae.

§ 2.11.12  The cities recorded in Germania in the northern zone are as follows:
Flevum . 28°45' . 54°45'
Siatutanda . 29°10' . 54°10'
Tecelia . 31°00' . 55°00'
Fabiranum . 31°20' . 55°10'
Treua . 33°00' . 55°40'
Leufana . 34°15' . 54°40'
Liriminris . 34°20' . 55°20'
Marionis . 34°20' . 54°50'
Marionis Altera . 36°00' . 55°50'
Coinoenon . 36°10' . 55°20'
Cistuia . 37°10' . 54°20'
Aleisos . 38°00' . 55°00'
Laciburgium . 39°00' . 56°00'
Bunitium . 39°20' . 55°20'
Virunon . 40°20' . 55°00'
Viritium . 41°00' . 54°20'
Rugium . 42°20' . 55°40'
Scurgum . 43°00' . 55°00'
Ascaucalis . 44°00' . 54°15'

§ 2.11.13  In the zone below this, the cities are as follows:
Asciburgium . 27°20' . 52°20'
Navalia . 27°10' . 54°00'
Mediolanium . 28°45' . 53°50'
Teuderium . 29°10' . 53°10'
Bogadium . 30°15' . 52°00'
Stereontium . 31°00' . 52°10'
Amisia . 31°20' . 51°20'
Munitium . 31°40' . 52°20'
Tulifurdon . 32°00' . 54°00'
Ascalingium . 32°45' . 53°45'
Tulisurgium . 32°40' . 53°10'
Feugaron . 32°40' . 52°15'
Canduum . 33°00' . 51°50'
Tropaea Drusi . 33°45' . 52°45'
Luppia . 34°20' . 52°45'
Mersuvium . 35°20' . 53°50'
Aregelia . 36°20' . 52°10'
Galaigia . 37°20' . 52°10'
Lupfurdon . 38°10' . 51°40'
Susudata . 38°20' . 53°50'
Colangorum . 39°00' . 53°20'
Lugidunum . 39°20' . 52°20'
Stragona . 39°40' . 52°10'
Lucus Limius . 41°00' . 53°20'
Budorigum . 41°00' . 52°40'
Leucaristus . 41°45' . 52°40'
Arsonium . 43°20' . 52°10'
Calisia . 43°45' . 52°50'
Setidava . 44°00' . 53°20'

§ 2.11.14  In the zone below this, the cities are as follows:
Aleison . 28°00' . 51°20'
Budoris . 28°00' . 51°00'
Mattiacum . 30°00' . 50°50'
Arctaunon . 30°10' . 50°00'
Nuaesium . 31°20' . 51°10'
Melocabus . 31°20' . 50°40'
Grauionarium . 31°20' . 50°10'
Locoritum . 31°20' . 49°10'
Segodunum . 31°20' . 49°00'
Deuona . 32°20' . 48°45'
Bergium . 33°00' . 49°20'
Menosgada . 34°00' . 49°20'
Vicurgium . 34°20' . 51°15'
Marobudum . 35°00' . 49°00'
Redintuvinum . 38°20' . 50°20'
Nomisterium . 39°00' . 51°00'
Meliodunon . 39°00' . 49°00'
Casurgis . 39°15' . 50°10'
Streuvinta . 39°15' . 49°20'
Hegetmatia . 39°40' . 51°00'
Budorgis . 40°00' . 50°20'
Eburum . 41°00' . 49°20'
Arsicua . 41°40' . 49°00'
Parienna . 42°00' . 49°10'
Setuia . 42°20' . 50°00'
Carrodonum . 42°40' . 51°20'
Asanca . 43°10' . 50°10'

§ 2.11.15  In the remaining part along the river Danube, the cities are as follows:
Tarodonum . 28°00' . 47°20'
Arae Flaviae . 30°40' . 48°00'
Riusiava . 31°00' . 47°20'
Alcimoennis . 32°20' . 47°20'
Cantioibis . 32°40' . 48°10'
Bibacum . 33°00' . 48°00'
Brondentia . 33°15' . 48°00'
Setuacoton . 34°00' . 48°20'
Usbium . 35°00' . 47°00'
Abilunum . 35°10' . 47°10'
Furgisatis . 36°00' . 48°00'
Coridorgis . 37°15' . 48°20'
Mediolanium . 38°00' . 47°10'
Felicia . 39°00' . 48°20'
Eburodуnum . 39°00' . 48°00'
Andouaetium . 40°20' . 47°40'
Celamantia . 41°00' . 47°40'
Singone . 41°20' . 48°15'
Anavum . 41°10' . 47°20'

§ 2.11.16  Islands lie above Germania: near the mouth of the Albis are three islands called the islands of the Saxones, the midpoint of which occupies the position . 31°00' . 57°10'
Above the Cimbric Chersonesus are three other islands called the Alociae, the middle point of which occupies the position . 37°00' . 59°10'
To the east of the Cimbric Chersonesus are four islands called the Scandiae: three small ones, the middle of which occupies the position . 41°20' . 58°00'
And one very large and most easterly island, lying opposite the mouth of the river Vistula, of which the westernmost point occupies the position . 43°00' . 58°00'
the easternmost point . 46°00' . 58°00'
the northernmost point . 44°20' . 58°20'
and the southernmost point . 45°00' . 57°40'
This island is itself properly called Scandia, and its western parts are inhabited by the Chaedeini, its eastern parts by the Fauonae and the Firaisii, its northern parts by the Finni, its southern parts by the Gutae and the Dauciones, and its middle parts by the Leuoni.

§ 2.12.1.  RAETIA AND VINDELICIA
Raetia and Vindelicia is bounded on the west side by Adulas mountain and by the area between the headwaters of the Rhine and the Danube rivers; on the north by the part of the Danube between its sources and the junction with the Aenus river at 34°00' . 47°20'
The eastern boundary is the river Aenus itself, with a southernmost limit at 34°00' . 45°15'
On the south by this part of the Alps beyond Italy, whose position toward the Graian Alps is 30°00' . 45°20'
The area toward Poenae at the beginning of the Licios river, which flows into the Danube and divides Raetia from Vindelicia 31°30' . 45°30'
Towards Ocra mountain 33°30' . 45°30'

§ 2.12.2  The northernmost parts of Raetia are occupied by the Brixantae, the more southerly by the Suanetae and Riguscae; In between are the Calucones and the Vennontes.

§ 2.12.3  Below the Danube are the following cities: Bragodurum 30°00' . 46°40'
Dracuina 30°20' . 46°40'
Viana 31°00' . 46°40'
Faeniana 31°45' . 46°50'
Towards the headwaters of the Rhine river: Taxgaetium 29°50' . 46°10'
Brigantium 30°00' . 46°00'
After these Vicus 30°15' . 45°20'
Ebodurum 30°40' . 45°20'
Octodurum 31°20' . 45°20'
Drusomagus 31°30' . 46°05'
The Runicatae occupy the most northern part of Vindelicia. Below these the Leuni and the Consuantes, then the Benlauni, then the Breuni, and alongside the Licia river the Licatii.

§ 2.12.4  The towns in Vindelicia along the Danube are: Artobriga 32°15' . 47°10'
Boiodurum 33°50' . 47°15'
Below these, Augusta Vindelica 32°30' . 46°20'
Carrodunum 33°50' . 46°45'
Abudiacum 33°30' . 46°15'
Cambodunum 32°50' . 46°00'
Medullum 33°50' . 44°40'
Inutrium 32°50' . 44°30'

§ 2.13.1  NORICUM
Noricum is bordered on the west by the Aenus river, on the north by the part of the Danube between the junction of the Aenus river and Cetium mountain, at 37°30' . 46°50'
Towards the east by Cetium mountain itself; on the south by the part of Upper Pannonia under that mountain, with a western limit at 36°00' . 45°20' and 37°00' . 45°40'. and by this side of the mountain above Istria, which is called Caruagas, with midpoint 35°00' . 45°20'

§ 2.13.2  The most westerly parts of the province are occupied, beginning from the north, by the Sevaces and the Alauni and Ambisontii; the more easterly, by the Norici, the Ambidravi, and the Ambilici.

§ 2.13.3  The cities in it below the Danube river are: Arelape 35°00' . 47°00'
Claudivium 36°00' . 46°40'
Below these, Gamavodurum 36°40' . 46°40'
Gesodunum 36°40' . 46°30'
Bedacum 34°15' . 46°15'
Aguntum 36°30' . 46°20'
Vacorium 36°00' . 45°45'
Poedicum 37°00' . 46°00'
Virunum 36°40' . 45°45'
Teurnia 34°40' . 45°40'
Idunum 35°10' . 44°30'
Sianticum 36°00' . 45°30'
Celia 37°00' . 45°30'
Between Italy and Noricum: Iulium Carnicum 34°30' . 45°15'

§ 2.14.1  UPPER PANNONIA
On the west, Upper Pannonia is bounded by Cetium mountain and partly by Caruaga; on the south by Istria and part of Illyria, along a from the above-mentioned western limit point through Mt. Albanus as far as the Bebia mountains and the border of Lower Pannonia at 41°30' . 45°20'
On the north, by the above-mentioned border of Noricum and by the part of the Danube between Cetium mountain and the junction with the Arabon river at 41°00' . 47°40'
On the east, by Lower Pannonia on the line through the above-mentioned limit points.

§ 2.14.2  The northern parts of the province are occupied by the Azoli to the west and by the Cutni to the east; the southern parts, by the Latobici below Noricum, by the Varciani towards the east, and in between by the Boei to the west, with the Colaetiani below them, and to the east by the Iassii with the Oseriates below them.

§ 2.14.3  Below the Danube are these towns: Vindobona 37°45' . 46°50'
Legion X Germanicus
Carnuntum (Carnus) 39°00' . 47°00'
Flexon 40°00' . 47°15'
Legion XIV Germanicus
Chertobalos 40°30' . 47°30'
Brigetium 41°00' . 47°40'
Legion I Auxilia

§ 2.14.4  The cities away from the river: Sala 38°20' . 46°15'
Poetobium 37°40' . 45°30'
Savaria 38°20' . 46°40'
Rispia 38°40' . 46°30'
Vinundria 38°30' . 45°30'
Bononia 38°40' . 45°40'
Andautonium 38°10' . 45°30'
Noviodunum 37°50' . 45°50'
Scarbantia 39°30' . 47°00'
Mursella 39°15' . 46°10'
Lentulum 39°10' . 45°45'
Carrodunum 39°40' . 46°00'
Siscia 39°00' . 45°20'
Olimacum 39°20' . 45°30'
Valina 40°00' . 46°45'
Bolentium 40°10' . 46°00'
Sirota 40°10' . 45°20'
Sisopa 40°00' . 45°15'
Visontium 40°35' . 45°45'
Praetorium 40°45' . 46°15'
Magniana 41°00' . 46°00'

§ 2.14.5  Between Italy below Noricum and Pannonia, Emona 36°00' . 45°20'

§ 2.15.1  LOWER PANNONIA
Lower Pannonia is bounded on the west by Upper Pannonia from that point where the Arabus river flows into the Danube, forming those borders to which we have referred; on the south by Illyria which extends from the indicated terminus as far as the bend in the Danube near which the Savos river empties into it, at 45°00' . 44°30'
It is bounded on the north by that eastern part of the Danube river which is near the mouth of the Arabus and which flows into it, and as far as the mouth of the Savos river, the description of this part of which is the following:
After the Arabus river the bend near Curta at 42º00' . 47°00'
the most northerly point of the Danube river 42º30' . 48°00'
the point where a river forks with it, extending west, which comes through both Pannonias and divides at Carrodunum city, up against Cetius mountain, the more northern part being called the Savarias; the southern the Daros 44º20' . 45°40'
the bend in the Danube river at Cornacum 44º20' . 45°15'
the bend near Acumincum 45º00' . 45°20'
the bend near Rittium 45º30' . 45°00'
where the Savos river flows into the Danube, which also comes from Cetius mountain running through both Pannonias first northward, then eastward 45º00' . 44°30'

§ 2.15.2  The Amantini occupy the western parts of this province more toward the north; below them are the Hercuniates, then the Andizetes, then the Breuci; the eastern part toward the north the Aravisci inhabit, and toward the south are the Scordisci.

§ 2.15.3  Below the Danube river are the cities Curta 42º00' . 47°00'
Solva 42º30' . 47°30'
Carpis 42º30' . 47°50'
Aquincum 43º00' . 47°30'
Salinum 43º30' . 47°00'
Lussonium 43º45' . 46°45'
Lugionum 44º00' . 46°30'
Teutoburgium 44º15' . 45°40'
Cornacum 44º20' . 45°15'
Acumincum, legio 45º00' . 45°20'
Rittium 45º30' . 45°00'
Taurunum 45º00' . 44°30'

§ 2.15.4  Away from the river are Berbis 42º00' . 46°00'
Serbitium 41º20' . 46°30'
Iuballum 42º20' . 46°00'
Certissa 42º20' . 45°20'
Mursella 43º00' . 46°00'
Cibalis 43º00' . 45°30'
Marsonia 43º00' . 45°00'
Vacontium 43º30' . 46°30'
Mursia colonia 43º30' . 45°45'
Saldis 44º00' . 44°40'
Bassiana 44º30' . 44°50'
Tarsium 44º30' . 44°35'
Sirmium 44º50' . 45°00'

§ 2.16.1  ILLYRIA
Illyria is bounded on the north by the two Pannonias along the indicated borders; on the west by Istria along that line, whose midpoint toward the limit point of Upper Pannonia at . 36°30' . 45°10'
the other on the Adriatic at . 36°30' . 44°50'
It is bounded on the east by Upper Moesia along the line from the indicated diversion of the Savos river to the point at Skardon mountain, at . 47°00' . 41°40'
It is bounded on the south by the part of Makedonia along that line from the indicated point, reaching the Adriatic at . 45°00' . 41°00'
and then by the Adriatic to the indicated point near Istria. The description is as follows.

§ 2.16.2  after Istria in Italia, then in Libournia, on the coast of Illyria:
Alouona . 36°50' . 45°00'
Phlanona . 37°00' . 44°50'
Tarsatika . 37°40' . 44°45'
mouth of the Oineus river . 38°00' . 44°45'
Ouolkera . 38°30' . 44°45'
Senia . 39°00' . 44°40'
Lopsika . 39°15' . 44°40'
mouth of the Tedanios river . 39°20' . 44°30'

§ 2.16.3  Ortopla . 40°00' . 44°30'
Ouetia or Ouegia . 40°20' . 44°30'
Argyrouton . 40°45' . 44°10'
Korinion . 41°10' . 44°00'
Ainona . 41°30' . 44°00'
Iadera colonia . 42°00' . 43°45'
mouth of the Titos river . 42°20' . 43°10'
Skardona . 42°40' . 43°30'

§ 2.16.4  (in Dalmatia)
Sikoun . 43°00' . 43°20'
Salonai colonia . 43°20' . 43°10'
Epetion . 43°40' . 43°00'
Pigountion . 44°00' . 42°45'
Onaion . 44°00' . 42°30'

§ 2.16.5  mouth of the Naron (or Nardon) river . 44°30' . 42°20'
Risinon . 44°40' . 42°15'
Epidauros . 44°40' . 42°20'
Askrouion . 44°45' . 42°00'
Rizonikos bay . 45°00' . 42°00'
Bouloua (or Boutoua) . 45°00' . 41°45'
Oulkinion . 45°00' . 41°30'
mouth of the Drilon river . 45°00' . 41°20'
Lissos . 45°00' . 41°10'
(in all there are 24 coastal cities)

§ 2.16.6  The river Drilon flows from Mt. Skardon and from that other mountain near the middle of Upper Moesia at . 45°40' . 42°40'

§ 2.16.7  From here another river, with the name Dreinos, flows into the Saouos river west of Taurunum city.

§ 2.16.8  This province by Istria is occupied by the Iapydes; further to the west beyond Liburnia are the Mazaei, then the Derriopes and Derrians, and beyond the Derriopes the Dindarians, beyond whom the Ditiones; beyond the Derrians the Keraunians; inside Dalmatia the Daoursians, beyond whom the Melkomenians and Ouardaians; beyond these the Narensians and Sardiotai and below these are the Sikoulotai and Dokleatai, the Piroustai, and the Skirtones toward Makedonia.

§ 2.16.9  The inland towns of Liburnia:
Tediaston . 39°00' . 44°50'
Aroukkia . 39°30' . 44°45'
Ardotion . 40°00' . 44°50'
Stoulpi . 39°30' . 44°40'
Kouroum or Kourkoum . 40°30' . 44°30'
Ausankale . 41°30' . 44°45'
Ouarouaria . 41°10' . 44°10'
Salvia . 41°20' . 44°40'

§ 2.16.10  Adra . 42°30' . 44°40'
Arauzona . 42°30' . 44°20'
Assesia . 42°15' . 44°20'
Bournon . 42°45' . 44°20'
Sidrona . 43°30' . 44°30'
Blanona . 42°10' . 44°00'
Ouoporoum (or Oouporoum) . 43°00' . 44°00'
Nedinon . 44°30' . 44°15'

§ 2.16.11  The inland cities of Dalmatia:
Andekrion . 43°30' . 43°30'
Aleta . 44°00' . 43°10'
Herona . 44°20' . 43°45'
Delminion . 44°40' . 43°20'
Aequum colonia . 44°30' . 43°20'

§ 2.16.12  Saloniana . 45°00' . 43°20'
Narbona colonia . 44°20' . 42°45'
Enderon . 45°30' . 42°50'
Chinna . 45°40' . 42°30'
Doklea . 45°20' . 42°15'
Rizana . 45°15' . 42°00'
Skodra . 45°30' . 41°30'
Thermidava . 46°00' . 41°45'
Siparuntum . 46°30' . 42°10'
Epikaria . 45°30' . 41°15'
Iminacium (or Keimination) . 46°00' . 41°20'

§ 2.16.13  The islands lying off Liburnia are Apsorros, with two cities:
Krepsa . 36°40' . 44°30'
Apsorros . 36°50' . 44°30'
and Kourikta, with two cities, Phoulphinion . 38°10' . 44°20'
Kourikon . 38°20' . 44°15'
and Skardona island, with two cities:
Arba . 40°40' . 43°40'
Collentum . 41°40' . 43°30'

§ 2.16.14  Off Dalmatia are the islands
Issa with city . 42°20' . 43°00'
Tragourion with city . 43°00' . 42°15'
Pharia with city . 42°00' . 42°20'
Korkyra Melaina . 44°00' . 41°45'
Melite island . 44°10' . 41°20'

§ 3.1.1  Italy is bounded on the west by the Alps mountains along that line running, as mentioned, from the Adulas mountains as far as the mouth of the Varus river, at . 27°30' . 43°00'
then from the shore of the Tyrrhenian sea to Neapolis and to the Leucopetra promontory; on the north by the Alps mountains, which are below Raetia, and by the Caravancas mountains, which are below Noricum, the location of which has been indicated above, and likewise by the shore of the Adriatic gulf which extends from the Tilaventus river to the Garganus mountains; on the east by that maritime coast which extends from Garganus mountains as far as Hydruntum; on the south by the shore of the Adriatic gulf which extends from the Tilaventus river as far as the confines of Illyria, and by that coast of the Tyrrhenian and the Ligurian sea, which extends from the mouth of the Varus river as far as Neapolis, then along the seacoast from Leucopetra as far as Hydruntum.

§ 3.1.2  The entire line of the seacoast is thus described from the mouth of the Varus river on the Ligurian sea:
On the coast of the Massilienses
Nicaea . 28°00' . 43°05'
Herculis harbor . 28°15' . 42°45'
Tropaea Augusti . 28°30' . 42°30'
Monoeci harbor . 28°40' . 42°40'

§ 3.1.3  Of Liguria, which in Greek is called Ligustice, near the Ligurian sea
Albintimilium . 29°10' . 42°45'
Albingaunum . 29°30' . 42°45'
Genua . 30°00' . 42°50'
mouth of the Entella river . 30°30' . 42°50'
Tigullia . 30°35' . 42°55'
mouth of the Macralla . 31°50' . 42°45'
where the Boacias flows into it . 31°30' . 43°00'

§ 3.1.4  Of the Tusci who in Greek are called Tyrrheni, near the Tyrrhenian sea, are
Luna . 32°00' . 42°45'
Luna promontory . 32°00' . 42°40'
Sanctuary of Hercules . 32°40' . 42°45'
mouth of the Arnus river . 33°20' . 42°40'
Populonium city . 33°30' . 42°00'
Populonium promontory . 33°30' . 42°00'
Portus Trojanus . 34°00' . 42°10'
Telamon promontory . 34°15' . 42°00'
mouth of the Osa river . 34°30' . 42°00'
Cossae . 35°00' . 41°55'
Graviscae . 35°20' . 41°45'
Castrum Novum . 35°40' . 41°40'
Pyrgi . 36°00' . 41°40'
Alsium . 36°15' . 41°40'

§ 3.1.5  of the Latini on the Tyrrhenian sea
mouth of the Tiber river . 36°30' . 41°30'
where the river turns toward the west . 36°30' . 42°00'
Ostia . 33°30' . 41°30'
Antium . 36°50' . 41°20'
Clostra . 37°10' . 41°20'
Circaeum promontory . 37°30' . 41°10'
Tarracinae . 37°45' . 41°15'
Formiae . 38°10' . 41°15'

§ 3.1.6  of the Campani, on the Tyrrhenian sea
mouth of the Liris river . 38°20' . 41°15'
Sinuessa . 38°30' . 41°20'
Volturnum . 38°45' . 41°05'
Liternum . 39°10' . 41°10'
Cumae . 39°20' . 41°10'
Misenum . 39°30' . 41°00'
Puteoli . 39°50' . 41°00'
Neapolis . 40°00' . 40°55'

§ 3.1.7  of the Picentini, on the Tyrrhenian sea
mouth of the Sarnus river . 40°05' . 40°55'
Surentum . 40°00' . 40°40'
Salernum . 40°00' . 40°30'

§ 3.1.8  of the Lucani, on the Tyrrhenian sea
mouth of the Silarus river . 40°05' . 40°15'
Paestum . 40°10' . 40°00'
Buxentum . 40°00' . 39°30'

§ 3.1.9  of the Bruttii, on the Tyrrhenian sea
mouth of the Laus river . 40°00' . 39°15'
Tempsa city . 40°00' . 39°00'
Taurianus cliff . 40°10' . 38°15'
Hipponiates gulf . 40°20' . 39°45'
Scyllaeum promontory . 39°50' . 38°15'
Rhegium Julium . 39°50' . 39°15'
Leucopetra promontory . 39°50' . 38°00'

§ 3.1.10  of Magna Graecia, on the Adriatic sea
Zephyrium promontory . 40°45' . 39°05'
Locri city . 40°50' . 38°25'
mouth of the Locani river . 40°55' . 38°35'

§ 3.1.11  in Scylacius gulf,
Scylacium city . 40°45' . 39°40'
Innermost part of Scylacium gulf . 40°45' . 39°45'
Lacinium promontory . 41°30' . 38°45'

§ 3.1.12  in the Tarentine gulf,
Kroton city . 41°30' . 39°10'
Thurium . 40°55' . 39°30'
Metapontium . 40°55' . 39°55'
Tarentum . 41°30' . 40°00'

§ 3.1.13  of the Salentini,
Iapygium or Sallentinepromontory . 42°20' . 38°45'

§ 3.1.14  of Kalabria, on the Ionian sea
Hydruntum . 43°00' . 39°05'
Luspiae . 42°40' . 39°15'
Brundisium . 42°30' . 39°40'

§ 3.1.15  of the Apuli Peucenti, on the Ionian sea
Egnatia . 42°30' . 39°50'
Barium . 42°30' . 40°05'
mouth of the Aufidus river . 42°30' . 40°15'

§ 3.1.16  of the Apuli Dauni, on the Ionian sea,
Salapiae . 42°20' . 40°20'
Sipus or Sipa . 42°20' . 40°30'
Apenestae . 42°20' . 40°45'
Garganum mountain . 42°40' . 41°00'

§ 3.1.17  and by the Adriatic gulf, Hyrium . 42°30' . 41°15'

§ 3.1.18  of the Frentani on this gulf
mouth of the Tifernus river . 42°00' . 41°30'
Buca . 41°40' . 41°40'
Istonium. 41°30' . 41°45'

§ 3.1.19  of the Paeligni on the same
mouth of the Sarus river . 41°20' . 42°00'
Ortona . 40°45' . 42°15'

§ 3.1.20  of the Maurrucini on the same gulf
mouth of the Aternus river . 40°30' . 42°30'
mouth of the Matrinus river . 39°20' . 42°45'

§ 3.1.21  of the Piceni on the same gulf
Castrum . 38°30' . 43°00'
Cupra Maritima . 38°00' . 43°10'
mouth of the Truentini river . 37°40' . 43°20'
Potentia . 37°15' . 43°30'
Numana . 36°50' . 43°40'
Ancona . 36°30' . 43°40'

§ 3.1.22  of the Semnones on the same gulf,
mouth of the Aesis river . 36°20' . 43°40'
Sena Gallica . 36°00' . 43°40'
Fanum Fortunae . 35°40' . 43°45'
Pisaurum . 35°20' . 43°45'
Ariminum . 35°00' . 43°50'

§ 3.1.23  of the Boii Galli on the same gulf
mouth of the Rubicon river . 34°55' . 43°55'
Ravenna . 34°40' . 44°00'

§ 3.1.24  mouth of the Padus river . 34°45' . 44°00'
the head of the river at Lario lake . 29°20' . 44°45'
where it joins with the Dorias river . 30°40' . 43°45'
head of the Dorias river at Poenina lake . 28°45' . 43°45'
where it is diverted toward Baenacus lake . 31°45' . 43°30'
position of this lake . 30°30' . 45°00'

§ 3.1.25  After the mouth of the Padus river, Venepias likewise Atrianos river mouth . 34°00' . 44°10'

§ 3.1.26  of the Karni on the Adriatic at the innermost bend of the sea
mouth of the Tilaventus river . 33°00' . 44°50'
mouth of the Natisonis river . 34°00' . 44°50'

§ 3.1.27  of Istria where next to the innermost bend of the sea are
Tergestum colonia . 34°30' . 44°55'
mouth of the Formionis river . 35°00' . 44°55'
Parentium . 35°20' . 44°55'
Pola . 36°00' . 44°40'
Nesactum, last of Italy, . 36°15' . 44°55'

§ 3.1.28  The interior cities of Istria
Pacinum . 34°45' . 45°00'
Piquentum . 35°30' . 45°05'
Alvum . 36°00' . 45°00'

§ 3.1.29  Interior cities of the Karni
Forum Julium colonia . 32°50' . 44°55'
Concordia colonia . 33°15' . 44°55'
Aquileia colonia . 34°00' . 45°00'

§ 3.1.30  Interior cities of Venetia
Vicentia . 32°10' . 44°30'
Belunum . 32°30' . 44°40'
Acelum . 32°30' . 44°30'
Opitergium . 32°40' . 44°45'
Ateste . 32°40' . 44°15'
Patavium . 32°50' . 44°30'
Altinum . 33°15' . 44°25'
Atria . 34°10' . 44°05'

§ 3.1.31  Of the Cenomani which are below Venetia
Bergomum . 32°00' . 44°20'
Forum Diutuntorum or Iuguntorum . 31°45' . 44°00'
Brixia . 32°30' . 44°10'
Cremona colonia . 32°00' . 43°40'
Verona . 33°00' . 44°00'
Mantua . 32°45' . 43°40'
Tridente . 33°40' . 43°45'
Butrium . 34°00' . 43°50'

§ 3.1.32  Of the Bechuni, who are toward the west of Venetia
Vaunia . 31°00' . 44°40'
Carraca . 31°20' . 44°40'
Bretina . 31°40' . 44°45'
Anaunium . 31°30' . 44°30'

§ 3.1.33  Of the Insubres, who are toward the west from the Cenomani
Nobaria . 30°30' . 44°30'
Mediolanium . 30°40' . 44°15'
Comum . 31°00' . 44°20'
Ticinum . 31°00' . 44°00'

§ 3.1.34  Of the Salassi, who are below the Insubres
Augusta Praetoria colonia . 30°00' . 44°00'
Eporedia . 33°15' . 43°50'

§ 3.1.35  Of the Taurini who are below the Salassi
Augusta Taurinorum . 30°30' . 43°40'
Augusta Bagiennorum . 29°30' . 43°20'
Iria . 30°00' . 43°20'
Dertona . 30°30' . 43°20'

§ 3.1.36  Of the Libici, who are below the Insubres
Vercellae . 30°45' . 43°50'
Laumellum . 31°30' . 43°40'

§ 3.1.37  Of the Ceutrones in the Graian Alps
Forum Claudii . 29°00' . 44°55'
Axima . 29°45' . 44°55'

§ 3.1.38  Of the Leponti, who are in the Cottian Alps
Oscela . 29°00' . 44°40'

§ 3.1.39  Of the Caturiges in the Graian Alps
Eburodunum . 29°40' . 44°30'

§ 3.1.40  Of the Segusani in the Graian Alps
Segusium . 28°30' . 43°55'
Brigantium . 29°00' . 44°05'

§ 3.1.41  Of the Nerusi in the Maritime Alps
Vintium . 28°30' . 43°40'

§ 3.1.42  Of the Suetri in the Maritime Alps
Salinae . 28°30' . 43°20'

§ 3.1.43  Of the Vedianti in the Maritime Alps
Cemenelum . 28°30' . 43°05'
Sanitium . 28°30' . 42°50'

§ 3.1.44  The Appennine mountains are located not far above Liguria beginning at the Alps, and from Liguria extending as far as Ancona, then turning they approach the Adriatic, and extend as far as the Garganus mountains, then turning they extend toward the south to Leucopetra promontory.

§ 3.1.45  Liguria, which is located below the Appennine mountains, has the following interior cities:
Sabata . 29°20' . 43°00'
Pollentia . 29°40' . 43°00'
Asta colonia . 30°20' . 43°05'
Alba Pompeia . 30°40' . 43°10'
Libarna . 31°00' . 43°10'

§ 3.1.46  Gallia Togata is located above those mountains, extending as far as Ravenna, and it has these cities:
Placentia . 31°20' . 43°30'
Fidentia . 31°40' . 43°30'
Brixellum . 32°00' . 43°20'
Parma (colonia) . 32°00' . 43°30'
Rhegium Lepidum (colonia) . 32°30' . 43°30'
Nuceria . 32°30' . 43°20'
Tanetum . 33°20' . 43°40'
Mutina . 33°00' . 43°40'
Bononia . 33°30' . 43°30'
Claterna . 33°50' . 43°30'
Forum Cornelii . 34°15' . 43°30'
Caesena . 34°40' . 43°40'
Faventia . 34°20' . 43°45'

§ 3.1.47  Towns of the Tusci in the interior
Biracellum . 31°45' . 43°10'
Fossae Papirianae . 32°00' . 42°50'
Bondelia . 32°30' . 42°50'
Luca . 33°00' . 43°10'
Lucus Feronia colonia . 32°25' . 42°55'

§ 3.1.48  Pistoria . 33°20' . 43°00'
Florentia . 33°50' . 43°00'
Pisae colonia . 33°30' . 42°45'
Volaterrae . 33°45' . 42°40'
Rusellae . 33°30' . 42°20'
Faesulae . 34°00' . 43°00'
Perusia . 35°20' . 43°30'
Arretium . 34°40' . 42°45'
Cortona . 35°00' . 42°40'
Aculea . 34°40' . 43°00'
Biturgia . 35°00' . 42°55'

§ 3.1.49  Manliana . 34°30' . 42°40'
Vetulonium . 34°00' . 42°30'
Sena . 34°20' . 42°30'
Suana . 34°50' . 42°25'
Saturniana colonia . 34°00' . 42°20'
Eba . 34°30' . 42°15'
Volci . 34°40' . 42°10'
Clusium . 34°40' . 42°20'

§ 3.1.50  Volsinium . 35°00' . 42°20'
Sudernum . 35°30' . 42°05'
Ferentia . 35°30' . 42°20'
Sutrium . 36°00' . 42°10'
Tarquinia . 35°15' . 42°00'
Blera . 35°40' . 41°55'
Forum Clodii . 35°55' . 41°55'
Nepeta . 36°00' . 41°50'
Falerium . 36°30' . 41°55'
Caere . 36°20' . 41°50'

§ 3.1.51  Of the Semnones in the interior
Suasa . 35°30' . 43°40'
Ostra . 36°00' . 43°30'

§ 3.1.52  Of the Piceni, in the interior
Treja . 36°30' . 42°25'
Urbs Salvia . 36°55' . 43°20'
Septempeda . 36°50' . 43°30'
Cupra Montana . 37°30' . 43°10'
Firmium . 37°30' . 42°55'
Asculum . 38°20' . 42°50'
Adria . 38°45' . 42°50'

§ 3.1.53  Of the Umbri, who are above the Tusci
Pitinum . 34°40' . 43°15'
Tifernum . 34°40' . 43°25'
Forum Semproni . 34°50' . 43°30'
Iguvium . 35°00' . 43°05'
Aesis . 35°20' . 43°20'
Tuficum . 35°30' . 43°05'
Sentinum . 36°30' . 42°50'
Aesisium . 35°20' . 42°45'
Camerinum . 36°00' . 43°00'
Nuceria colonia . 35°50' . 42°40'

§ 3.1.54  Of the Umbri who are toward the east of the Tusci
Arna . 35°30' . 42°40'
Hispellum . 35°40' . 42°30'
Tuder . 35°50' . 42°20'
Forum Flaminii . 36°00' . 42°40'
Spoletium . 36°20' . 42°45'
Mevania . 36°15' . 42°30'
Ameria . 36°30' . 42°15'
Narnia . 36°30' . 42°30'
Ocricolum . 36°45' . 42°10'

§ 3.1.55  Of the Sabini, who are toward the east of the Umbri,
Nursia . 36°45' . 42°50'

§ 3.1.56  Of the Aequiculi, who are east of the Sabini
Cliternum . 37°30' . 42°40'
Carsioli . 37°20' . 42°20'

§ 3.1.57  Of the Marsi, who are toward the east from the Aequiculi
Aex . 37°40' . 42°30'
Alba Fucinis . 38°00' . 42°20'

§ 3.1.58  Of the Praetuti, who are toward the east from the Marsi
Beregra . 38°30' . 42°30'
Interamnia . 38°20' . 42°20'

§ 3.1.59  Of the Vestini, who are toward the east from the Praetuti
Pinna . 39°00' . 42°40'
Avia . 39°00' . 42°25'
Amiternum . 39°00' . 42°15'
Angulus . 39°30' . 42°30'

§ 3.1.60  Of the Marucini in the interior
Teatea . 39°45' . 42°30'

§ 3.1.61  Of the Latini in the interior
City of Rome . 36°40' . 41°40'
Tibur . 36°50' . 42°00'
Praeneste . 37°30' . 41°55'
Tusculum . 36°50' . 41°45'
Aricia . 37°00' . 41°40'
Ardea . 36°45' . 41°30'

§ 3.1.62  Nomentum . 37°30' . 42°05'
Treba . 37°30' . 41°45'
Anagnia . 37°20' . 41°40'
Velitra . 37°30' . 41°30'
Lanuvium . 37°15' . 41°25'
Atina . 38°15' . 42°00'
Fidenae . 38°00' . 41°55'
Frusino . 37°50' . 41°45'

§ 3.1.63  Ferentinum . 38°00' . 41°40'
Privernum . 37°45' . 41°35'
Setia . 38°00' . 41°30'
Aquinum . 38°50' . 41°55'
Sora . 38°20' . 41°40'
Minturna colonia . 38°20' . 41°25'
Fundi . 38°10' . 41°20'

§ 3.1.64  Of the Peligni in the interior
Corfinium . 40°00' . 42°20'
Sulmo . 40°30' . 42°00'

§ 3.1.65  Of the Frentani in the interior
Anxanum . 41°10' . 41°55'
Larinum . 41°30' . 41°30'

§ 3.1.66  Of the Caraceni, who are below the Frentani
Aufidena . 40°40' . 41°45'

§ 3.1.67  Cities of the Samnites, who are below the Peligni and the Caraceni
Bovianum . 39°05' . 42°00'
Aesernia . 39°00' . 41°40'
Saepinum . 39°40' . 41°50'
Allifa . 40°00' . 41°45'
Tuticum . 40°10' . 41°40'
Telesia . 40°30' . 41°20'
Beneventum . 41°00' . 41°20'
Caudium . 41°20' . 41°05'

§ 3.1.68  Of the Campani in the interior
Venafrum . 38°40' . 41°40'
Teanum . 39°00' . 41°30'
Suessa . 38°40' . 41°25'
Cales . 39°20' . 41°30'
Casilinum . 39°15' . 41°20'
Trebula . 39°35' . 41°30'
Forum Pompilii . 39°45' . 41°15'
Capua . 40°00' . 41°10'
Abella . 40°20' . 41°10'
Atella . 40°10' . 41°05'

§ 3.1.69  Of the Picentini in the interior
Nola . 40°15' . 40°45'
Nuceria colonia . 40°30' . 40°40'

§ 3.1.70  Of the Lucani in the interior
Ulci . 40°40' . 40°30'
Compsa . 40°30' . 40°20'
Potentia . 40°40' . 40°15'
Blanda . 40°20' . 40°10'
Grumentum . 40°35' . 39°45'

§ 3.1.71  Cities of the Irpini, who are more to the east than the Picentini and the Lucani
Aquilonia . 41°00' . 41°05'
Abellinum . 40°50' . 40°45'
Aeculanum . 41°20' . 40°45'
Fratuolum . 41°00' . 40°20'

§ 3.1.72  Of the Apuli Dauni in the interior
Teanum . 40°41' . 41°25'
Nuceria Apulorum . 41°30' . 41°00'
Vibarna . 42°00' . 41°00'
Arpi . 41°40' . 41°15'
Erdonia . 41°40' . 40°40'
Canusium . 42°05' . 40°30'

§ 3.1.73  Of the Apuli Peuciti in the interior
Venusia . 41°40' . 40°25'
Celia . 42°10' . 40°00'

§ 3.1.74  Of the Bruttii in the interior
Numistro . 40°20' . 39°10'
Consentia . 40°40' . 38°10'
Vibo Valentia . 40°15' . 38°55'

§ 3.1.75  Of Magna Graecia in the interior
Petelia . 40°45' . 39°00'
Abrystum . 40°45' . 39°25'

§ 3.1.76  Cities of the Salentini in the interior
Rudia . 41°50' . 39°45'
Neretum . 42°00' . 39°35'
Aletium . 42°00' . 39°20'
Bausta . 42°15' . 39°15'
Exentum . 42°00' . 39°10'
Veretum . 42°20' . 39°00'

§ 3.1.77  Of Calabria in the interior
Sturni . 42°30' . 39°20'
Uretum . 42°30' . 39°10'

§ 3.1.78  Islands lying near Italy in the Ligurian sea
Aithale island or Manora . 31°40' . 42°00'
Gorgone . 33°00' . 42°00'
Capraria island . 32°00' . 42°00'
Ilua island . 33°00' . 42°00'

§ 3.1.79  These are the islands in the Tyrrhenian sea
Planasia island . 34°00' . 41°00'
Pontia island . 37°20' . 40°45'
Pandataria island . 37°50' . 40°45'
Partenope island . 38°20' . 40°45'
Prochyte island . 38°45' . 40°40'
Pithecussa island . 39°20' . 40°30'
Caprea island . 39°20' . 40°10'
Sirenussae islands . 39°30' . 39°55'

§ 3.1.80  In the Ionian sea there are five islands which are called Diomedeae

§ 3.2.1  Kyrnos island, which is also called Corsica, is surrounded on the west and the north by the Ligurian sea, on the east by the Tyrrhenian sea, and on the south by that sea which lies between it and the Sardinian island.

§ 3.2.2  The description of the coast is as follows, beginning from the middle of the north side:
mouth of the Volerius river 30°40' . 41°00'
Caesia coast 30°30' . 41°10'
Tilox promontory 30°00' . 41°30'

§ 3.2.3  Description of the west coast:
Attii promontory 30°00' . 41°10'
Casalus bay 30°15' . 40°45'
Viriballum promontory 30°10' . 40°30'
mouth of the Circidius river 30°10' . 40°25'
Rhoetius mountains 30°00' . 40°20'
Rhium promontory 30°00' . 40°15'
Urcinium city 30°10' . 40°10'
Arenosum coast 30°15' . 40°00'
mouth of the Locra river 30°10' . 39°55'
Pauca city 30°15' . 39°45'
mouth of the Ticarius river 30°15' . 39°40'
Titianus harbor 30°10' . 39°35'

§ 3.2.4  Description of the south coast:
Ficaria city 30°30' . 39°30'
mouth of the Pitanus river 30°45' . 39°20'
Marianum promontory and city 31°00' . 39°10'

§ 3.2.5  Description of the east coast:
Palla city 31°20' . 39°20'
Syracusan harbor 31°20' . 39°25'
Rubra city 31°20' . 39°30'
Granianum promontory 31°30' . 39°40'
Alista city 31°20' . 39°45'
Philonii harbor 31°30' . 39°55'
mouth of the Sacred river 31°30' . 40°00'
Aleria colonia 31°30' . 40°05'
mouth of the Rotanus river 31°30' . 40°10'
Diana harbor 31°20' . 40°20'
Tutela altar 31°30' . 40°30'
mouth of the Guola river 31°30' . 40°35'
Mariane city 31°40' . 40°40'
Vagum promontory 31°30' . 40°45'
Mantinon city 31°20' . 41°00'
Clunium city 31°20' . 41°10'

§ 3.2.6  Description of the north side:
Sacred promontory 31°30' . 41°35'
Centurinum city 31°15' . 41°30'
Canelata city 31°00' . 41°20'

§ 3.2.7  The following peoples, settled in villages, possess the island: the Cervini, occupying the western side beneath Golden mountain, located at 30°45' . 40°45'
Below these are the Tarabeni; then the Titiani; next the Balatini; at the northernmost extreme the Vanacini; below whom are the Celebenses; then the Licnini and the Macrini; below whom are the Opini; then the Symbri and the Coymaseni; below these furthest to the south are the Subasani.

§ 3.2.8  The towns in the interior are
Ropicum 30°15' . 41°00'
Cersunum 30°30' . 41°00'
Palania 30°20' . 40°45'
Lurinum 31°00' . 40°45'
Alouca 30°20' . 40°30'
Asingon 30°30' . 40°30'
Sermigium 30°20' . 40°20'
Talcinum 30°45' . 40°30'
Venicium 30°50' . 40°20'
Cenestum 31°00' . 40°15'
Opinum 31°20' . 40°25'
Mora 30°30' . 40°00'
Matisa 30°45' . 39°35'
Albiana 31°00' . 39°30'

§ 3.3.1  The island of Sardinia is bordered on the east by the Tyrrhenian sea, on the south by the African sea, on the west by the Sardinian sea, on the north by that sea which is between it and Kyrnos (Corsica).

§ 3.3.2  Description of the coast
Description of the west side:
Gorditanon promontory 29°50' . 38°45'
Tilion city 30°00' . 38°40'
Nymphaion harbor 30°10' . 38°30'
Hermaion promontory 30°00' . 38°15'
mouth of the Temos river 30°15' . 38°00'
Korakodes harbor 30°20' . 37°35'
Tarrai city 30°20' . 37°20'
mouth of the Thyrsos river 30°30' . 37°10'
Usellis city, colonia 30°30' . 36°55'
mouth of the Sacred river 30°30' . 36°40'
Othaia city 30°30' . 36°30'
Sardopator sanctuary 30°30' . 36°20'
Neapolis 30°40' . 36°30'
Pacheia promontory 30°40' . 36°00'

§ 3.3.3  Description of the southern side:
Pupulum city 30°50' . 35°40'
Solci city 31°10' . 35°50'
Solci harbor 31°15' . 35°50'
Chersonesos 31°30' . 35°45'
Bithia harbor 31°40' . 35°50'
Bithia city 31°45' . 35°50'
Harbor of Herakles 32°00' . 35°50'
Nora city 32°00' . 35°55'
Sounding Shore 32°05' . 35°55'
Kounioucharion promontory 32°15' . 35°55'

§ 3.3.4  Description of the eastern side:
Karalis city and headland 32°30' . 36°00'
Karalitanos bay 32°10' . 36°20'
Sousaleos village 31°55' . 36°40'
mouth of the Saipros river 32°00' . 37°00'
Sulpicius harbor 31°50' . 37°30'
mouth of the Kaidris river 32°00' . 38°00'
Feronia city 31°45' . 38°10'
Olbia city 31°40' . 38°30'
Olbian harbor 31°40' . 38°45'
Columbarium promontory 31°45' . 39°00'
Arktos promontory 31°45' . 39°10'

§ 3.3.5  Description of the northeast coast:
Errebantium promontory 31°30' . 39°20'
Pluvium city 31°30' . 39°05'
Iuliola city 31°10' . 39°00'
Tibula city 30°40' . 38°50'
Libison's Tower, city 30°15' . 38°50'

§ 3.3.6  The Tibulati and the Corsi inhabit the parts of the island farthest north; below whom are the Coracenses; then the Carenses and the Cunusitani; below whom are the Sulcitani and the Lucuidonenses; then the Aesaronenses; below whom are the Cornenses or Aechilenses; then the Rucensi; below whom are the Celsitani and the Corpicenses; then the Scapitani and the Siculensi; below whom are the Neapolitani and the Valentini; and farthest south are the Solcitani and the Noritani.

§ 3.3.7  The cities in the interior are:
Erykinon 31°00' . 38°40'
Heraion 31°30' . 38°40'
Old Gouroulis 30°30' . 38°30'
Bosa 30°30' . 38°15'
Makouisa 31°15' . 38°15'
Below these cities are the Mainomena mountains 31°00' . 38°00'
New Gouroulis 30°30' . 37°50'
Saralapis 31°15' . 37°45'
Cornus 30°30' . 37°45'
Aquae Hypsitanae 30°40' . 37°15'
Aquae Lesitanae 31°30' . 36°45'
Lesa 31°30' . 36°35'
Aquae Neapolitanae 31°45' . 36°10'
Valentia city 31°55' . 36°30'

§ 3.3.8  The islands around Sardinia are:
Phintonos island 30°40' . 39°15'
Ilva island 30°30' . 39°20'
Nymphaia island 29°45' . 38°30'
Herakles island 29°20' . 39°00'
Diabate island 29°30' . 38°45'
Hierakon (hawks) island 30°00' . 35°45'
Molybodes island 30°30' . 35°30'
Fikaria island 33°00' . 39°00'
Hermaia island 33°00' . 37°20'

§ 3.4.1  Sicily is surrounded on the west and the north by the Tyrrhenian sea, on the south by the African sea, on the east by the Adriatic sea.

§ 3.4.2  The seacoast of this island has the following description: The central part of the north side, which, terminating in a point, and more toward the north, is called Pelorus promontory . 39°40' . 38°35'
A description of the west side on the Tyrrhenian sea:
Phalakron promontory . 39°10' . 38°30'
Mylai . 39°00' . 38°30'
Helikon river mouth . 38°50' . 38°25'
Tyndarion . 38°30' . 38°20'
Tmethos or Timethos river mouth . 39°20' . 38°20'
Agathyrion or Agathyrnon . 38°00' . 38°15'
Alontion . 37°50' . 38°10'
mouth of the Chyda river . 37°45' . 38°05'

§ 3.4.3  Kalakta . 37°40' . 37°55'
Alaisa . 37°40' . 37°45'
mouth of the Monalos . 37°30' . 37°45'
Kephaloidis . 37°20' . 37°40'
mouth of the Himera river . 37°15' . 37°20'
Thermai Himeraicity . 37°05' . 37°15'
Solous or Oloulis . 37°00' . 37°20'
Eleutheros river mouth . 37°00' . 37°05'
Panormos . 37°00' . 37°00'

§ 3.4.4  Ketaria . 37°00' . 36°45'
Bathys river mouth . 37°00' . 36°40'
Emporion Segestanon . 37°00' . 36°30'
Drepanon . 36°55' . 36°30'
Aegitharsus promontory . 36°50' . 36°15'

§ 3.4.5  Description of the southern side toward the African sea:
Lilybaion city and promontory . 37°00' . 36°00'
mouth of the Akithios river . 37°10' . 36°05'
Mazaras . 37°20' . 36°15'
Selinous river mouth . 37°30' . 36°15'
Pintia . 37°40' . 36°20'
Sossios river mouth . 37°50' . 36°20'

§ 3.4.6  Isbouros river mouth . 38°05' . 36°25'
Herakleia . 38°20' . 36°25'
Hypsa river mouth . 38°30' . 36°25'
Emporion of the Akragantines . 38°50' . 36°25'

§ 3.4.7  Himera river mouth . 39°00' . 36°20'
Hipporos river mouth . 39°15' . 36°20'
Brouka promontory . 39°20' . 36°20'
Kaukana harbor . 39°30' . 36°15'
Motykanos river mouth . 39°40' . 36°20'
Odysseia promontory . 39°50' . 36°15'

§ 3.4.8  Description of the eastern side on the Adriatic sea
Pachynos promontory . 40°00' . 36°20'
Phoenikous harbor . 39°45' . 36°30'
Erinous river mouth . 39°45' . 36°40'
Makron promontory . 39°50' . 36°45'
Chersonesos . 39°40' . 36°55'

§ 3.4.9  Syrakousai colonia . 39°30' . 37°30'
Tauros promontory . 39°30' . 37°30'
Alabos river mouth . 39°25' . 37°20'
Pantachos river mouth . 39°25' . 37°35'
Katane colonia . 39°30' . 37°45'
Symaithos river mouth . 39°35' . 37°40'
Tauromenion colonia . 39°30' . 38°10'
Argennon promontory . 39°30' . 37°50'
Messene in the strait . 39°30' . 38°30'

§ 3.4.10  The celebrated mountains in the island are:
Aetne . 39°00' . 38°00'
and Kratas . 37°40' . 36°40'

§ 3.4.11  The Messenians occupy the northern part of it, the Herbitaioi and Katanaioi the middle, and the southern part the Segestani and Syrakousioi.

§ 3.4.12  The inland cities of Sicily are:
Kapition . 38°20' . 38°15'
Abakaina . 39°00' . 38°15'
Hemichara (or Imichara) . 38°30' . 38°00'
Tissa . 38°50' . 38°00'
Aleta . 37°50' . 37°50'

§ 3.4.13  Kentouripai . 38°30' . 37°50'
Dymethos . 38°50' . 37°50'
Aetnai . 39°25' . 37°45'
Agyrion . 38°15' . 37°40'
Herbita . 37°40' . 37°30'
Sergention (or Sergenteion) . 38°30' . 37°30'
Hydia . 38°45' . 37°30'
Leontion . 39°00' . 37°30'
Erbessos . 37°50' . 37°20'
Neeton . 38°20' . 37°25'
Menai . 38°50' . 37°25'
Patiorus . 37°20' . 37°10'
Asseros . 37°40' . 37°20'

§ 3.4.14  Enna . 38°05' . 37°15'
Megara . 39°15' . 37°15'
Petra . 38°40' . 37°05'
Hybla . 38°20' . 37°00'
Engyon . 39°00' . 37°00'
Kotyrga . 38°20' . 36°50'
Makyron . 38°40' . 36°50'
Akrai . 39°15' . 36°40'
Makella . 37°15' . 36°40'
Schera . 37°30' . 36°50'
Triokla . 38°00' . 36°45'
Akragas . 38°30' . 36°40'
Motouka . 39°25' . 36°40'

§ 3.4.15  Segesta . 37°05' . 36°30'
Leton . 37°30' . 36°30'
Entella . 37°45' . 36°30'
Ankrina . 38°10' . 36°35'
Phthinthia . 38°40' . 36°30'
Gela . 39°00' . 36°30'
Kamarina . 39°20' . 36°25'
Eloros . 39°40' . 36°30'
Ina . 39°30' . 36°25'
Helkethion . 37°15' . 36°15'

§ 3.4.16  And the islands located around Sicily and near it are:
Didyme island . 39°00' . 39°00'
Hikesia island . 39°30' . 39°00'
Erikodes island . 38°20' . 38°45'
Phoenikodes island . 38°30' . 38°50'
[Hiera] Hephaistou island or Boulka . 38°50' . 38°35'
Lipara island and city . 39°00' . 38°45'
Euonymos island . 39°10' . 38°45'
Strongyle island . 39°30' . 38°45'

§ 3.4.17  Ustica island and city . 37°30' . 38°45'
Osteodes island . 36°15' . 37°00'
Phorbantia island . 36°00' . 36°20'
Aigousa island . 36°15' . 36°05'
Hiera island . 36°00' . 36°00'
Pakonia island . 36°30' . 35°50'
island of Aeolos. 37°00' . 39°00'

§ 3.5.1  Sarmatia in Europe is bounded on the north by the Sarmatian ocean at the Venedic gulf and part of the Unknown Land as follows: After the Vistula river mouth the Chronos river mouth 50°00' . 56°00'
Rhoudon river mouth 53°00' . 57°00'
Tourous river mouth 56°00' . 58°30'
Chesinos river mouth 58°30' . 59°30'
The position of the shore at the latitude of Thule, i.e., the end of the known sea 62°00' . 63°00'
The southern limit of Sarmatia at the sources of the Tanais river is at 64°00' . 63°00'
On the west by the Vistula river and the part between its headwaters and the Sarmatian mountains of Germany, and by these mountains whose position is stated; on the south by the nomadic Iazyges from the southern limit of the Sarmatian mountains to the beginning of Mt. Karpatos, at 46°00' . 48°30'
and by neighboring Dacia along the same parallel until the mouth of the Borysthenes river, and by the shoreline of Pontos on this side until the Karkinites river, with positions as follows:

§ 3.5.2  Borysthenes river mouth 57°30' . 48°30' Hypanios river mouth 58°00' . 48°30'
Grove of Hekate, promontory 58°30' . 47°45'
Isthmus of the Racecourse of Achilles (Achilleos Dromos) 59°00' . 47°40'
The western promontory of Achilleos dromos, which is called Sacred promontory, 57°50' . 47°30'
The eastern, which is called Mysaris headland 59°45' . 47°30'
Kephalonesos 59°45' . 47°50'
Kalos Limen 59°30' . 47°45' Tamyrake 59°20' . 48°30'
Karkinites river mouth 59°40' . 48°30'
after which is the isthmus that separates the Tauric Chersonese; the limit toward the Karkinites gulf being at 60°20' . 48°20'
that toward Lake Byke at 60°30' . 48°30'

§ 3.5.3  On the east it is bounded by the isthmus from the Karkinites river and Lake Byke and by the the side of the Maiotic Lake up to the Tanais river, and by the Tanais river itself, and by the line running from the sources of the Tanais river to the Unknown Land, as far as the indicated limit.

§ 3.5.4  This side is described as follows. After the isthmus of the Maiotic Lake toward the Karkinites river, Neon Teichos 60°30' . 48°40'
Pasiakos river mouth 60°20' . 48°50'
Leianon city 60°00' . 49°15'
Bykos river mouth 60°20' . 49°30'
Akra city 60°30' . 49°40'
Gerros river mouth 61°00' . 49°50'
Kremnoi city 62°30' . 49°45'
Agaron promontory 63°00' . 49°40'
Agaros river mouth 62°30' . 50°30'
a grove, the Fishery of God 62°40' . 51°15'
Lykos river mouth 63°00' . 51°30'
Hygreis city 63°30' . 52°30'
Poritos river mouth 64°30' . 53°00'
Karoia kome 65°00' . 53°30'
western mouth of the Tanais river 66°20' . 54°20'
eastern mouth 67°00' . 54°30'
turn of the river . 72°30' . 56°00'
source of the river 64°00' . 58°00'
after which the limit by the Unknown Land, at 64°00' . 63°00'

§ 3.5.5  Sarmatia is divided by other mountains, called: Mt. Peuke 51°00' . 51°00'
and the Amadoka mountains 55°00' . 51°00'
and Mt. Bodinon 58°00' . 55°00' and Mt. Alanon 62°30' . 55°00'
and Mt. Karpata as mentioned, 46°00' . 48°30'
and the Venedic mountains 47°30' . 55°00'
and the Rhipaian mountains, midpoint 63°00' . 57°30'

§ 3.5.6  The part of the Borysthenes river after Amadoka lake is at 53°30' . 50°20'
The northernmost source of the Borysthenes river, 52°00' . 53°00'
and of the rivers below the Borysthenes, the <Tyras is the boundary between parts of Dacia and Sarmatia from the bend, at 53°00' . 48°30'
until the limit, at 49°30' . 48°30'
The Axiakes river also flows through Sarmatia a little way beyond Dacia until Mt. Karpatos.

§ 3.5.7  The largest tribes that occupy Sarmatia are the Venedai along the whole Venedic gulf; and beyond Dacia the Peukinoi and Basternai; and by the whole side of the Maiotic the Iazyges and Roxolanoi and inland from these the Hamaxobioi and Alan Scythians.

§ 3.5.8  Smaller tribes also settle Sarmatia: by the Vistula river below the Venedai the Gythones, then the Phinnoi, then the Soulones; below whom the Phrougoudiones, then the Auarinoi by the headwaters of the Vistula river; below whom the Ombrones, then the Anartophraktoi, then the Bourgiones, then the Arsietai, then the Sabokoi, then the Piengitai and Biessoi by Mt. Karpatos.

§ 3.5.9  The furthest eastward of those mentioned, below the Venedai are again the Galindai and Soudinoi and Stauanoi up to the Alans; below whom the Igylliones, then the Koistobokoi and Transmontani up to the Peukine mountains.

§ 3.5.10  Again the land by the ocean immediately after the Venedic gulf is inhabited by the Oueltai, beyond whom the Osioi, then the Karbones furthest to the north, and further east of them are the Kareotai and Saloi; below these both the Gelones and the Hippopodes and Melanchlainoi; below these the Agathyrsoi, then the Aorsoi and Pagyritai; below these the Sauaroi and Borouskoi as far as the Rhipaian mountains; then the Akiboi and Naskoi, below whom are the Ouibiones and Idrai; and below the Ouibiones as far as the Alans the Stournoi, and between the Alans and Hamaxobioi the Kariones and Sargatioi; and by the turn of the Tanais river the Ophlones and Tanaitai, below whom are the Osiloi as far as the Roxolanoi; between the Hamaxobioi and the Roxolanoi are the Reukanaloi and Exobygitai, and again between the Peukinoi and Basternai are the Karpianoi, beyond whom the Geouinoi, then the Bodinoi; between the Basternai and Roxolanoi are the Chounoi, and below the same mountains the Amadokoi and Nauaroi.

§ 3.5.11  By Lake Byke the Torekkadai, by Achilleos dromos the Tauroskythai; below the Basternai toward Dacia the Tagroi, and below them the Tyragetai.

§ 3.5.12  Below the turn of the Tanais river the Altars of Alexander were set up, at 63°00' . 57°00' and the Altars of Caesar, at 68°00' . 56°30'
and between the mouths is Tanais city at 67°00' . 54°40'

§ 3.5.13  Inland cities among the rivers around the Karkinites river are, Karkina city 59°30' . 48°45'
Torokka 58°30' . 49°00'
Pasyris 58°30' . 49°10'
Erkabon 58°30' . 49°15'
Trakana 58°30' . 49°45'
Nauaron 58°30' . 50°00'

§ 3.5.14  Near the Borysthenes river, Azagarion 56°00' . 50°40'
Amadoka 56°00' . 50°30' Saron 56°00' . 50°15'
Serimon 57°00' . 50°00'
Metropolis 56°30' . 49°30'
Olbia or Borysthenes 57°00' . 49°00'
Beyond the Axiakes river, Ordessos 57°00' . 48°30'

§ 3.5.15  and toward the fork of the Borysthenes river, Leinon city 54°00' . 50°15' Sarbakon 55°00' . 50°00'
Niosson 56°00' . 49°40'
Beyond the Tyras river toward Dacia, Karrodounon 49°30' . 48°40'
Maitonion 51°00' . 48°30'
Klepidaua 52°30' . 48°40'
Ouibantauarion 53°30' . 48°40'
Erakton 53°50' . 48°40'

§ 3.5.16  An island lies off the mouth of the Tanais river, Alopekia or Tanais island 66°30' . 53°30'

§ 3.6.1  The Tauric Chersonese is bounded by a circuit formed by the isthmus stretching from the Karkinites gulf to Lake Byke, and by the shores of Pontus and the Cimmerian Bosphorus and the Maiotic lake, with the following description:

§ 3.6.2  After the isthmus in the direction of the Karkinites river in the Pontus:
60°45' . 47°40' Dandake 60°45' . 47°20'
Symbolon limen 61°00' . 47°15'
Parthenion promontory 60°40' . 47°00'
Chersonesos 61°00' . 47°00'
Ktenous limen 61°15' . 47°10'
Kriou metopon promontory 62°00' . 46°40' Charax 62°00' . 46°50'
Lagyra 62°30' . 47°00'
Korax promontory 63°00' . 47°00'
Istrianos river mouth 63°10' . 47°10'
Theodosia 63°20' . 47°20'
Nymphaion 63°45' . 47°30'

§ 3.6.3  On the Cimmerian Bosphorus, Tyriktake 63°30' . 47°40'
Pantikapaia 64°00' . 47°55'
Myrmekion promontory 64°00' . 48°30'

§ 3.6.4  On the Maiotic Lake, Parthenion 63°45' . 48°30'
Chersonesos of Zeno 63°00' . 48°45' Herakleion 62°00' . 48°30'

§ 3.6.5  Inland cities of the Tauric Chersonese are the following:
Taphros 60°40' . 48°15'
Tarona 62°20' . 48°15'
Postigia 63°00' . 48°15'
Parosta 61°30' . 48°10'
Kimmerion 62°00' . 48°00'
Portakra 61°50' . 47°40'
Boion 62°50' . 47°45'
Ilouraton 63°20' . 47°45' Satarche 61°15' . 47°20'
Badation 61°30' . 47°30'
Kytaion 62°15' . 47°30'
Tazos 62°40' . 47°30'
Argoda 61°45' . 47°15'
Tabana 62°20' . 47°15'

§ 3.7.1  Migratory Iazyges
The Migratory Iazyges are bounded on the north by the referenced part of European Sarmatia from south of the Sarmatic mountain until Mt. Karpatos; on the west and south by the referenced part of Germania from the Sarmatic mountain to the bend of the Danube at Karpis, and by the part of the Danube until the fork of the Tibiskos river, which bears north; position of the fork at 46°00' . 44°15'
On the east by Dacia at the Tibiskos river itself, whcih turning eastward under Mt. Karpatos where the mountain ends, whence it flows, at 46°00' . 48°30'

§ 3.7.2  There are the following cities among the Migratory Iazuges:
Ouskenon 43°15' . 48°20'
Bormanon 43°40' . 48°15'
Abieta 43°40' . 48°00'
Trisson 44°10' . 47°45'
Parka 43°30' . 47°40'
Kandanon 44°00' . 47°20'
Pession 44°40' . 47°00'
Partiskon 45°00' . 46°40'

§ 3.8.1  Dacia
Dacia is bounded on the north by the part of Sarmatia in Europe from Mt. Karpatos to the limit of the return of the Tyras river already mentioned, which, as mentioned, is at . 53°00' . 48°30'
On the west by the Migratory Iazyges at the Tibiskos river; on the south by part of the Danube river from the fork of the Tibiskos river as far as Axioupolis, from which point as far as Pontos and the river mouth the Danube is called Istros. The position of this part is the following:
After the fork of the Tibiskos river the first bend to the south, 47°20' . 44°45'
The fork of the Rhabon river, which flows to Dacia 49°00' . 43°30'
The fork of the Kiabros 49°30' . 43°45'
At the fork of the Aloutas river, which divides Dacia, flowing to the north 50°15' . 44°00'
The bend at Oiskos 51°00' . 44°00'
The bend at Axioupolis 54°20' . 45°45'

§ 3.8.2  From which point, as we have said, the Danube is also called Istros as far as the mouth.
On the east by the Istros river until the bend at Dinogeteia city at 53°00' . 46°40'
And again by the Hierasos river, which forks off at Dinogeteia from the Istros going north and east, up to the referenced bend of the Tyras river.

§ 3.8.3  The northernmost tribes that occupy Dacia, beginning from the west, are the Anartoi and Teuriskoi and Koistobokoi; below them are the Predauensioi and Rhatakensioi and Kaukoensioi; below whom, likewise, the Biephoi and Bouridauensioi and Kotensioi, and still below them, the Albokensioi and Potoulatensioi and Sensioi; below whom, furthest to the south, the Saldensioi and Keiagisoi and Piephigoi.

§ 3.8.4  The most notable cities in Dacia are the following: Rhoukkonion 46°30' . 48°10'
Dokidaua 47°20' . 48°00'
Porolisson 49°00' . 48°00'
Arkobadara 50°40' . 48°00'
Triphoulon 52°15' . 48°15'
Patridaua 53°00' . 48°10'
Karsidaua 53°20' . 48°15'
Petrodaua 53°45' . 47°40'
Oulpianon 47°30' . 47°30'
Napouka 49°00' . 47°40'
Patrouissa 49°00' . 47°20'
Salinai 49°15' . 47°10'
Praetoria Augousta 50°30' . 47°00'
Sangidaua 51°30' . 47°30'
Angoustia 52°15' . 47°15'
Outidaua 53°10' . 47°40'
Markodaua 49°30' . 47°00'
Ziridaua 45°30' . 46°20'
Singidaua 48°00' . 46°20'
Apoulon 49°15' . 46°40'
Germizera 49°30' . 46°15'
Komidaua 51°30' . 46°40'
Rhamidaua 51°50' . 46°30'
Piroum 51°15' . 6°00'
Zousidaua 52°40' . 46°15'
Polonda 53°00' . 47°00'
Zourobara 45°40' . 45°40'
Aizisis 46°15' . 45°20'
Argidaua 46°30' . 45°15'
Tiriskon 48°30' . 45°15'
Zarmizegethousa royal seat 47°50' . 45°15'
Hydata 49°30' . 5°00' . 3°00'
Netindaua 52°45' . 45°30'
Tiason 52°00' . 45°30'
Zeugma 46°40' . 44°40'
Tibiskon 46°40' . 44°50'
Dierna 47°15' . 44°30'
Akmonia 48°00' . 45°00'
Droubetis 47°45' . 44°30'
Phrateria 49°30' . 44°30'
Arkinna 49°00' . 44°45'
Pinon 50°30' . 44°40'
Amoutrion 50°00' . 44°45'
Sornon 51°30' . 45°00'

§ 3.9.1  Upper Moesia (Mysia)
Upper Moesia is bounded on the north by Dalmatia on the mentioned line from the fork of the Savos: river to Mt. Skardon; on the south by part of Macedonia on the line on Mt. Orbelos up to the limit point at 49°00' . 42°20'
On the east by the part of Thrace from the referenced limit point to the Kiabros river at the limit point, 50°00' . 43°00'
And also by the Kiabros river itself at Lower Moesia until the junction of the Kiabros with the Danube, at 49°30' . 43°45'
On the north by this part of the Danube river as far as the Savos: river.

§ 3.9.2  The Trikornensioi occupy the part of the province toward Dalmatia, the Moesians the part by the Kiabros river, the Pikensioi in between, and the Dardanoi the part toward Macedonia.

§ 3.9.3  The cities toward the Danube are: Singidounon 45°30' . 44°30'
4th Legion Flavia Trikornion 46°00' . 44°10'
where the Moschios river branches.
Viminacium, legion 46°30' . 4°00' . 3°00'
Taliatis 47°00' . 44°00'
Egeta 47°15' . 43°40'
Dortikon 48°00' . 43°30'
Rhaitiaria of the Moesians, colonia 49°00' . 43°20'

§ 3.9.4  There are other cities on the far side of the Danube river: Horrea 46°45' . 43°30'
Timakon 47°30' . 43°00' Ouendenis 48°00' . 42°50'
Ouellanis 49°00' . 42°45'
and of Dardania four cities: Naissos 47°20' . 42°30'
Arribantion 47°30' . 42°00'
Oulpianon 48°30' . 42°40'
Skoupoi 48°30' . 42°30'

§ 3.10.1  Lower Moesia
Lower Moesia is bounded on the west by the referenced part of the Kiabros river; on the south by the part of Thrace from the Kiabros beyond Mt. Haimos until the limit point on the Pontos, at 55°00' . 44°40'
On the north by the part of the Danube from the Kiabros river until Axioupolis, and by the Danube, here called Istros, until the mouth at the Pontos, of which the bend at Dinogeteia city is at 53°00' . 46°40'

§ 3.10.2  The order of the mouths is as follows: The first division of the mouths at Noviodounon city is at 54°50' . 46°30'
There the southernmost part includes the island called Peuke, at 55°20' . 46°30'
It flows out into Pontos by the mouth called Hieron (Sacred) or Peuke at 56°00' . 46°15'
The northernmost divides again at 55°00' . 46°45'
and the northernmost of this division divides again at 55°30' . 47°00'
then the more southerly of this division stops a little before the outflow into Pontos; the more northerly makes a lake called Thiagola at 55°40' . 47°15'
It flows out into Pontos by the mouth called Thiagola or Psilon, at 56°15' . 47°00'
The more southerly of the second division also splits at 55°20' . 46°45'
And the more northerly of this division flows into Pontos by the mouth called Boreios, located at 56°20' . 6°50'
The more southerly also divides, at 55°40' . 46°30'
And the mor southerly of this division flows into Pontos by the mouth called Narakion, at 56°10' . 6°20'
The more northerly also divides, at 56°00' . 46°40'
And the more northerly part of this division flows out by the mouth called Pseudostomon, at 56°15' . 46°40'
The more southerly flows out by the mouth called Kalon, at 56°15' . 46°30'

§ 3.10.3  The eastern side of Moesia is bound by the coast following the mouths of Pontos as far as the limit point toward Thrace, at 55°00' . 44°40'
The situation of this side is as follows: after the Sacred mouth of the Istros river, Pteron promontory 56°20' . 6°00'
Istros city 55°40' . 6°00'
Tomoi 55°00' . 45°50'
Kallatis 54°40' . 45°30'
Dionysopolis 54°20' . 45°15'
Tiristis promontory 55°00' . 45°10'
Odessos 54°50' . 45°00'
Panysos river mouth 54°45' . 44°50'
Mesembria 55°00' . 44°40'

§ 3.10.4  The Triballoi occupy the western parts of Lower Moesia; eastwards, the Troglodytai have the area below the Peuke mouth, the Peukinoi the mouths, the Krobyzoi the parts toward Pontos, and beyond them the Oitensioi and Oboulensioi, with the Dimensioi and Piarensioi in between.

§ 3.10.5  The following cities are along the Danube river:
Rhegianon 50°00' . 43°40'
Oiskos of the Triballoi 51°00' . 44°00'
Diakon 51°20' . 44°20'
Novai 52°00' . 44°40'
Trimammion 52°20' . 44°50'
Priste city 52°40' . 45°10' Durostorum, legion 53°15' . 45°15'
First Legion Italica Tramariska 53°30' . 45°30'
Sucidava 54°00' . 45°40'
Axioupolis 54°20' . 45°45'
Karsoum 54°10' . 45°50'
Troismis 54°00' . 46°20'
5th Legion Macedonica Dinogeteia 53°10' . 46°40'
Nouiodounon 54°40' . 46°30'
Sitioenta 55°00' . 46°30'

§ 3.10.6  These cities are between the river [branches];
Daousdaua 53°00' . 44°40'
Tibiska 55°00' . 46°20'

§ 3.10.7  Below the Tyragetai Sarmatians, the Harpioi occupy the shore from the northernmost mouth of the Istros until the mouth of the Borysthenes river and the hinterland as far as the Hierasos river, while the Britolagai have the part beyond the Peukinoi. The shore is as follows: after the mouth of the Borysthenes, which is at 57°30' . 48°30'
Axiakos river mouth 57°00' . 48°00'
Physke city 56°40' . 47°40'
Tyras river mouth 56°20' . 47°40'
Hermonaktos village 56°15' . 47°30'
Arpis city 56°00' . 47°15'

§ 3.10.8  The inland cities on that side are, along the Hierasos river, Zargidaua 54°40' . 47°45'
Tamasidaua 54°20' . 47°30'
Piroboridaua 54°00' . 47°00'
Between the Hierasos and the Tyras river, Nikonion 56°20' . 48°10'
Ophioussa 56°00' . 48°00'
Tyras city 56°00' . 47°40'

§ 3.10.9  Islands lying off Lower Moesia in the referenced part of Pontos are the so-called Borysthenes island 57°15' . 47°40'
and Achilleos or Leuke island 57°30' . 47°40'

§ 3.11.1  Thrace
Thrace is bounded on the north by Lower Moesia along the referenced line; on the west by Upper Moesia and by the part of Macedonia from Mt. Orbelos to the limit point at 49°00' . 41°45'
on the south by the part of Macedonia from the aforementioned limit point until the mouth of the Nestos river through Mt. Pangaion and by the line there that cuts off the Chersonese, as follows:

§ 3.11.2  Nestos river mouth 51°45' . 41°45'
Abdera 52°10' . 41°45'
Maroneia 52°40' . 41°40'
Hebros river mouth 53°00' . 41°30'
Ainos city 53°10' . 41°30'
and in the Melas gulf the Melas river mouth 53°30' . 41°30'
the border of the Chersonesos on the Melas gulf 53°50' . 41°30'
likewise the border of Chersonesos on Propontis 54°20' . 41°30'

§ 3.11.3  On the east by the Propontis and the mouth of Pontos, called the Thracian Bosporos, and by the onward shores of Pontos until the border with lower Moesia, at 55°00' . 44°40'
From which border the description is the following: After Mesembria of Moesia, Anchialos 54°45' . 44°30'
Apollonia 54°50' . 44°20'
Tonzou 55°00' . 44°10'
Perontikon 55°10' . 44°00'
Thynias promontory 55°40' . 44°00'
Salmydessos shore 55°20' . 43°40'
Philia promontory 55°30' . 43°30' Phinopolis 55°30' . 43°20'
And at the mouth of Pontos, Byzantion 56°00' . 43°05'

§ 3.11.4  Next, in Propontis, Bathynios river mouth 55°30' . 43°00'
Athyra river mouth 55°30' . 42°55'
Selymbria 55°00' . 42°30'
Perinthos 54°50' . 42°20'
Arzou river mouth 54°50' . 42°10'
Bisanthe 54°50' . 42°00'
Makron Teichos 54°50' . 41°50'
Paktye 54°30' . 41°45'
And next the referenced border of the Chersonesos.

§ 3.11.5  Of the notable mountains of Thrace, Mt. Haimos extends along the junction of Lower Moesia, and Mt. Rhodope is beyond the Nestos and Hebros river, between which and the sea is a lake called Bistonis, at 52°30' . 41°50'

§ 3.11.6  The military districts (strategiai) in the province toward the two Moesias and around Haimos are, beginning from the west: Dantheletike, Sardike , Ousdikesike, Selletike; Toward Macedonia and the Aegean Sea, likewise the districts: Maidike, Drosike, Koiletike, Sapaike, Korpilike, Kainike; and beyond Maidike Bessike, below which Bennike, then Samaike; by the shore from Perinthos city up to Apollonia the Astike military district.

§ 3.11.7  The inland cities of Thrace are: Praisidion 51°20' . 43°10'
Nikopolis by Haimos 52°00' . 43°30'
Ostaphos 52°30' . 43°30'
Oualla 52°40' . 43°45'
Opisena 53°20' . 44°00'
Deoueltos colonia 54°20' . 44°15'
Orkelis 54°20' . 43°40'
Karpoudaimon 54°00' . 43°05'
Bizye 54°50' . 43°45'
Sardike 50°10' . 43°00'
Terta 51°40' . 43°05'
Philippopolis 52°30' . 42°45'
Arzos 53°15' . 43°10'
Tonzos 54°30' . 43°20'
Kabyle 54°50' . 43°15'
Bergoule 54°30' . 43°00'
Pautalia 50°00' . 42°30'
Nikopolis by the Nestos 51°45' . 42°20'
Topiris 51°20' . 42°00'
Pergamon 52°00' . 42°30'
Traianopolis 53°00' . 42°15'
Plotinopolis 53°40' . 42°40'
Drousipara 54°30' . 42°40'
Dyme 52°50' . 41°45'
Kypsela 53°05' . 41°40'
Aphrodisias 53°35' . 41°40'
Aproi colonia 54°00' . 42°00'
Herakleia 54°20' . 41°50'
Lysimachia 54°10' . 41°30'

§ 3.11.8  Islands lying off Thrace beyond the Bosporos: the westernmost island of the Kyaneai 56°20' . 43°20'
In Propontis, Prokonnesos island 55°30' . 42°00'
Islands in the Aegean Sea: Thasos island and city 51°45' . 41°30'
Samothrace island and city 52°30' . 41°15'
Imbros 53°20' . 41°15'

§ 3.11.9  The Chersonesos
The Chersonesos is bounded on the north by the referenced line below Thrace from the Melas Gulf to Propontis and by the part of Propontis on that side as far as Kallipolis at 55°00' . 41°30'
On the west by the remaining part of the Melas Gulf, on which is Kardia city 54°00' . 41°05'
and Mastousia promontory 54°30' . 40°40'
On the south by the Aegean Sea, on which is the city Elaious 54°30' . 40°45'
and the protruding promontory 54°40' . 40°45'
On the East by the Hellespont, on which are the cities: Koila 54°55' . 41°00'
Sestos 54°55' . 41°15'
and next the above-mentioned Kallipolis 55°00' . 41°30'

§ 3.12.1  Chapter 13/12, Position of Macedonia.
Macedonia is bordered to the north by the forementioned sides of Dalmatia and upper Moesia and Thrace, from the west by the Ionian Sea from Dyrrachion (or Epidamnos) to the Kelydnos river, per the following description:
Taylantians
Dyrrachion . 45°00' . 40°55'
Panyasos river outlet . 45°00' . 40°40'
Apsos river outlet . 45°05' . 40°30'
Apollonia . 45°05' . 40°10'
Aoos river outlet . 45°00' . 40°00'
Aulon city and port . 44°50' . 39°55'

§ 3.12.3  Elimiotes
Boullis . 45°00' . 39°45'
Orestidos
Amantia . 44°55' . 39°30'
Kelydnos river outlet . 45°00' . 39°20'
From the south to the line on this side along Epiros until the end, at position . 49°00' . 38°30'
From which line Mt. Pindos extends, whose midpoint lies at . 47°40' . 38°45'
Along Achaia until the Maliac gulf to the end, position . 51°00' . 38°25'
On which line is Mt. Oite, whose midpoint lies at degrees . 50°30' . 38°25'

§ 3.12.6  From the east to the mentioned part of Thrace and the gulfs of the Aegean sea from the Nestos river until the end of the Maliac gulf, the description as follows:
After the Nestos river, which is the border of Thrace lying at degrees . 51°45' . 41°45'

§ 3.12.7  In the Strymonic gulf the shore of Edonis
Neapolis . 51°15' . 41°45'
Oisyme . 50°50' . 41°45'
Strymon river outlet . 50°15' . 41°25'
Amphaxitis
Arethousa . 50°10' . 41°20'
Stageira . 50°20' . 41°10'

§ 3.12.9  In Chalkidike:
Panormos harbor and city . 50°40' . 41°00'
Mt. Athos . 51°00' . 41°10'
Athos promontory and city . 51°15' . 41°15'
The midpoint of the mountain . 51°10' . 41°00'
Nymphaion promontory . 51°10' . 40°45'
and in the Singitic gulf Stratonike . 50°55' . 40°55'
Akanthos . 50°40' . 40°55'
Singos . 50°30' . 40°40'

§ 3.12.10  In Paraktia:
Ampelos headland . 51°15' . 40°30'
Derrhis headland . 51°15' . 40°20'
Torone . 50°45' . 40°25'
The depth of the Toronaic gulf . 50°40' . 40°25'
The neck of the Pallene peninsula . 51°00' . 40°05'
Kanastraion promontory . 51°15' . 39°55'
Kassandreia . 51°05' . 40°00'
and in the Thermaic gulf the Chabrios river outlet . 50°40' . 40°05'
Gigonis headland . 50°30' . 40°05'

§ 3.12.11  In Amphaxitis:
Thessalonike . 49°50' . 40°20'
Echedoros river outlet . 49°45' . 40°15'
Axios river outlet . 49°40' . 40°10'

§ 3.12.12  In Pieria:
Lydios river outlet . 49°30' . 40°00'
Pydna . 49°40' . 39°45'
Haliakmon river outlet . 49°50' . 39°40'
Dion colonia . 50°00' . 39°35'
Baphyron river outlet . 50°10' . 39°30'
Peneios river outlet . 50°30' . 39°25'
Pelasgians
Magnesia headland . 51°40' . 39°30'
Sepias headland . 51°45' . 39°15'
Aianteion . 51°40' . 39°15'
Iolkos . 51°30' . 39°15'

§ 3.12.14  Of Phthiotis in the Pelasgic gulf
Pagasai . 50°50' . 38°55'
Demetrias . 50°30' . 38°55'
Poseidion promontory . 51°30' . 38°50'
Larissa . 51°20' . 38°45'
Echinos . 51°10' . 38°45'
Spercheia . 51°00' . 38°40'
Thebai of Phthiotis . 51°00' . 38°35'
Spercheios river outlet . 51°00' . 38°30'

§ 3.12.15  The Strymon river begins from the mountains forming the border of Thrace and Macedonia, at this location . 48°40' . 42°00'
The Axios river from Mt. Skardos at . 47°00' . 41°40'
and from the mountains under Dalmatia, at . 46°00' . 41°15'
The two branches join each other at position . 49°15' . 40°15'
The Haliakmon river from the Kandauian mountains at position . 46°40' . 40°10'
The Peneios river from Mt. Pindos at position . 47°30' . 39°00'
and the Spercheios river similarly at position . 48°30' . 38°40'

§ 3.12.16  Of the named mountains the center of Bertiskos lies at degrees . 49°10' . 41°15'
Mt. Bermion . 48°30' . 39°50'
Mt. Kerketesion . 46°40' . 39°40'
Mt. Kitarion . 48°40' . 39°30'
Mt. Olympos . 50°00' . 39°20'
Mt. Osses . 50°40' . 39°20'
Mt. Pelion . 51°10' . 39°20'
Mt. Othryos . 50°00' . 38°40'

§ 3.12.17  The following cities are in the hinterland of Macedonia: Taylantians:
Arnissa . 45°20' . 40°40'
Elimians: Elimia . 45°40' . 39°40'
Orestis
Amantia . 46°00' . 39°20'

§ 3.12.20  Of the Albanians:
Albanopolis . 46°00' . 41°05'
Almopians
Horma . 46°45' . 41°30'
Europos . 46°30' . 41°20'
Apsalos . 46°20' . 41°05'

§ 3.12.22  In Orbelia:
Gareskos . 47°50' . 41°40'
Eordians
Skampis . 45°45' . 40°20'
Dibolia . 45°45' . 40°10'
Daulia . 45°30' . 40°00'

§ 3.12.24  Of the Astraians:
Astraion . 46°20' . 40°50'
Of Paionia
Doberos . 46°40' . 40°45'
Aloros . 47°15' . 41°10'
Iorians: Ioron . 47°45' . 41°15'

§ 3.12.27  In Sintike:
Tristolos . 48°00' . 41°30'
Parthikopolis . 48°40' . 41°40'
Herakleia Sintike . 49°10' . 41°40'

§ 3.12.28  In Odomantike and Edonis:
Skotoussa . 49°30' . 41°50'
Berga . 49°50' . 41°40'
Gasoros . 50°15' . 41°55'
Amphipolis . 50°00' . 41°30'
Philippoi . 50°45' . 41°55'
Of the Desaretians:
Euia . 46°05' . 40°15'
Lychnidos . 46°50' . 40°20'

§ 3.12.30  In Lynkestis:
Herakleia . 47°40' . 40°40'
Of the Pelagonians:
Audaristos . 48°40' . 50°05'
Stoboi . 48°30' . 41°20'

§ 3.12.32  In Bisaltia:
Arrholos . 49°10' . 41°20'
Euporia . 49°20' . 41°10'
Kalliterai . 49°30' . 41°10'
Ossa . 49°45' . 41°00'

§ 3.12.33  In Mygdonia:
Antigoneia . 48°40' . 41°10'
Kalindoia . 48°40' . 40°50'
Bairos . 48°55' . 40°40'
Physkai . 49°00' . 41°00'
Terpyllos . 49°10' . 40°50'
Karrhabia . 49°05' . 40°30'
Xylopolis . 49°20' . 41°00'
Asseros . 49°30' . 40°40'
Apollonia Mygdonias . 49°30' . 40°30'
Lete . 49°20' . 40°20'

§ 3.12.34  In Chalkidike:
Augaia . 50°15' . 40°40'
Paraktia
Klitai . 50°20' . 40°20'
Moryllos . 50°30' . 40°15'
Antigoneia or Psaphara . 50°45' . 40°10'
In Emathia:
Europos . 47°20' . 40°20'
Tyrissa . 47°30' . 39°55'
Skydra . 47°40' . 40°20'
Mieza . 48°00' . 39°45'
Kyrrhos . 48°10' . 40°40'
Idomene . 48°30' . 40°50'
Gordynia . 48°40' . 40°15'
Edessa . 48°45' . 40°20'
Beroia . 48°45' . 39°50'
Aigaia . 48°40' . 39°40'
Pella . 49°20' . 40°05'

§ 3.12.37  In Pieria:
Phylakai . 49°20' . 39°30'
Ouallai . 49°40' . 39°30'
Of the Paravaians:
Eriboia . 46°40' . 39°45'
Pelasgians
Doliche . 47°30' . 39°40'
Azorion . 47°45' . 39°30'
Pythion . 47°50' . 39°30'
Gonnos . 48°05' . 39°35'
Atrax . 48°30' . 39°25'
Iletion . 49°05' . 39°25'
Skotoussa . 49°30' . 39°10'
Larissa . 50°00' . 39°10'
Pherai . 50°30' . 39°10'

§ 3.12.40  In Tymphaia:
Gyrtone . 46°50' . 39°30'
Hestiaians
Phaistos . 47°15' . 39°20'
Gomphoi . 47°40' . 39°10'
Aiginion . 48°00' . 39°20'
Trikka . 48°05' . 39°00'
Ktimenai . 48°45' . 39°10'
Chyretiai . 49°00' . 39°00'
Metropolis . 49°20' . 39°00'

§ 3.12.42  Of the Thessalians:
Hypata . 47°50' . 38°50'
Sosthenis . 48°10' . 38°50'
Homilai . 48°40' . 38°40'
Kypaira . 49°00' . 38°40'
Phalanthia . 49°30' . 38°45'
In Phthiotis:
Narthakion . 50°10' . 38°45'
Koroneia . 50°30' . 38°50'
Melitaia . 50°40' . 39°00'
Eretria . 50°15' . 38°50'
Lamia . 50°30' . 38°35'
Herakleia Phthiotis . 50°50' . 38°30'

§ 3.12.44  Islands adjoining Macedonia, in the Ionian Sea:
Sason island . 44°10' . 39°30'
In the Aegean sea: Lemnos island, with two cities:
Myrina . 52°20' . 40°55'
And in the interior Hephaistia . 52°30' . 41°00'
Skiathos island and city . 52°10' . 39°15'
Peparethos island and Skopelos city . 52°30' . 39°20'
Skyros island and city . 54°00' . 39°00'

§ 3.13.1  Position of Epiros. The northernmost side of Epiros is bounded by the part of Macedonia along the mentioned line. To the east by the line from there along Achaia until the Acheloos river outlet, at the position . 48°25' . 37°30'
To the west side along the shore of the Ionian Sea along Acroceraunia, the description is as follows:

§ 3.13.2  Chaonia
Orikon . 45°00' . 39°15'
The summit of the Acroceraunian mountains . 44°25' . 39°10'
Panormos harbor . 45°00' . 38°40'
Onchesmos harbor . 45°20' . 38°35'
Kassiope harbor . 45°30' . 38°25'
The coast lying south from there to the Acheloos river on the Adriatic sea, as follows:
Thesprotians
Poseidion promontory . 45°45' . 38°10'
Bouthroton gulf . 45°45' . 38°20'
Pelodes harbor . 46°10' . 38°20'
Thyamis headland Almines . 46°10' . 38°00'
Thyamios river outlet . 46°15' . 38°05'
Sybota harbor . 46°45' . 38°00'
Toryne . 46°50' . 38°00'
Acheron river outlet . 47°10' . 38°00'
Elaia harbor . 47°15' . 37°55'
Nikopolis in the Ambrakian gulf . 47°35' . 37°55'

§ 3.13.4  Of the Akarnanians:
Arachthos river outlet . 47°50' . 38°15'
Ambrakia . 48°00' . 38°20'
Aktion . 47°40' . 37°45'
Leukas headland . 47°50' . 37°20'
Alyzeia . 48°20' . 37°25'
Acheloos river outlet . 48°25' . 37°30'

§ 3.13.5  Cities in the hinterland of Epiros: Chaonians
Antigoneia . 45°15' . 39°10'
Phoinike . 45°20' . 38°45'
Hekatompedon Dodoneon . 45°40' . 39°00'
Omphalion . 45°40' . 38°40'
Elaious . 45°40' . 38°30'
Kassopaians, beyond which are Dolopians
Kassope . 47°00' . 38°20'

§ 3.13.7  Amphilochians, east of which are the Athamanes,
Argos Amphilochikon . 48°20' . 38°30'
Akarnanians
Astakos . 48°15' . 37°45'

§ 3.13.9  Islands adjoining Epiros are
Korkyra which is large, with the following description
Kassiope city and cape . 45°05' . 38°15'
Ptychia . 45°30' . 38°00'
Korkyra city . 45°40' . 37°55'
Leukimma headland . 46°20' . 37°45'
Amphipyrgos headland . 45°30' . 37°40'
Phalakron promontory . 45°00' . 38°00'
and Kephallenia island, with a city of the same name, degrees . 47°40' . 37'10'
its northernmost promontory . 47°40' . 37°30'
the southern promontory . 47°45' . 36°40'
and Erikousa island . 44°40' . 38°00'
and Skopelos island . 45°00' . 37°55'
and Leukas island . 47°45' . 37°35'
and the Echinades islands . 48°10' . 37°20'
and Ithake, in which a city of that name . 48°00' . 37°10'
and Letoa island . 47°00' . 36°45'
and Zakynthos, in which a city of the same name . 47°30' . 36°30'

§ 3.14.1  Position of Achaia.
The land of Achaia, which they call Greece, is that attached to the above-mentioned districts up to the isthmus of the Peloponnese, bounded to the west by Epiros, to the North by Macedonia on the mentioned sides and partly by the Aegean sea, on the east partly by the Aegean sea until Cape Sounion, from the south by the Adriatic sea by the shore of the Corinthian gulf from the Achelous river and to the Isthmus and beyond by the Cretan sea until Cape Sounion. And here is the description of the coast:

§ 3.14.2  After the Acheloos river, which is the border of Epiros, in the Adriatic sea, as follows: Aitolia
Chersonesos promontory . 48°30' . 37°25'
Euenos river outlet . 49°00' . 37°30'

§ 3.14.3  Of the Ozolian Lokrians:
Molykria . 49°15' . 37°30'
Antirrhion promontory . 49°20' . 37°25'
Naupaktos . 49°30' . 37°35'
Euantheia . 49°45' . 37°45'
Chaleos . 49°55' . 37°50'
Phokis
Kirrha . 50°00' . 37°30'
Krisa . 50°15' . 37°30'
Antikyra . 50°30' . 37°30'
Boiotia
Siphai . 51°05' . 37°35'
Kreousa . 51°15' . 37°30'

§ 3.14.6  Megarid
Pegai . 51°25' . 37°25'
and after the Isthmus
Nisaia . 52°00' . 37°20'

§ 3.14.7  In Attike:
Eleusis . 52°20' . 37°15'
Peiraieus . 52°45' . 37°10'
Ilissos river outlet . 52°50' . 37°05'
Mounychias harbor . 53°10' . 37°00'
Hyphormos harbor . 53°30' . 36°50'
Sounion promontory . 53°35' . 36°45'
and in the Aegean on the eastern side
Panormos harbor . 53°40' . 37°00'
Artemis sanctuary . 53°40' . 37°05'
Kynosoura promontory . 53°50' . 37°20'
Asopos river outlet . 53°30' . 37°25'
Chersonesos headland . 53°30' . 37°30'
Oropos . 53°20' . 37°40'

§ 3.14.8  In Boiotia:
Aulis . 53°15' . 37°45'
Ismenos river outlet . 53°10' . 37°50'
Salganeus . 53°00' . 38°00'
Anthedon . 53°00' . 38°05'
Phokai . 52°40' . 38°10'
Inmost reach of the Oitaian gulf . 52°15' . 38°10'
Opountian Lokrians
Knemides . 52°10' . 38°25'
Kynos . 52°00' . 38°20'
Epiknemidian Lokrians
Boagrios river outlet . 51°30' . 38°25'
Skarpheia . 51°15' . 38°25'

§ 3.14.11  Mountains in this section:
Mt. Kallidromon, whose midpoint lies at degrees . 49°00' . 38°15'
and Mt. Korax . 49°20' . 38°00'
and Mt. Parnassos . 50°20' . 38°00'
and Mt. Helikon . 51°00' . 37°45'
and Mt. Kithairon . 51°40' . 37°30'
and Mt. Hymettos . 52°30' . 37°20'
Of the rivers the Acheloos begins in the Pindos mountains, the Euenos in Mt. Kallidromos returning to the east to the Kephissos river, which itself flowing from the same mountains mixes with the Asopos river and the Ismenos river in Boiotia in the place . 52°00' . 38°00'

§ 3.14.13  The following cities are in the Greek interior: Interior of Aitolia
Chalkis . 49°00' . 38°05'
Arachthos . 48°50' . 37°55'
Pleuron . 48°35' . 37°40'
Olenos . 49°00' . 37°50'
Kalydon . 49°00' . 37°40'

§ 3.14.14  Of Doris
Erineos . 49°00' . 38°25'
Kytinion . 49°20' . 38°20'
Boion . 49°30' . 38°15'
Lilaia . 50°05' . 38°15'
Of the Ozolian Lokrians inland
Amphissa . 49°30' . 37°50'
Of the Epiknemidian Lokrians inland
Thronion . 51°15' . 38°15'
In Phokis interior
Pythia . 50°10' . 37°45'
Delphoi . 50°00' . 37°40'
Daulis . 50°20' . 37°50'
Elateia . 51°38'
Aigostheneia . 50°45' . 37°45'
Boulia . 50°30' . 37°35'

§ 3.14.18  Of the Opountians inland:
Opous . 52°00' . 38°10'
Boiotia interior
Thisbe . 51°00' . 37°40'
Thespiai . 51°05' . 37°50'
Orchomenos . 51°20' . 37°55'
Koroneia . 51°20' . 37°45'
Hyampolis . 51°30' . 37°55'
Chaironeia . 51°30' . 37°50'
Lebadeia . 51°45' . 37°55'
Kopai . 51°50' . 38°05'
Haliartos . 51°55' . 37°45'
Plataiai . 52°15' . 37°40'
Akraiphia . 52°20' . 38°05'
Tanagra . 52°30' . 37°55'
Thebai Boiotiai . 52°40' . 37°55'
Delion . 53°00' . 37°45'

§ 3.14.20  Megaris interior
Megara . 52°00' . 37°25'

§ 3.14.21  Attike interior
Oinoe . 53°00' . 37°30'
Athenai . 52°45' . 37°15'
Rhamnous . 53°15' . 37°30'
Marathon . 53°15' . 37°20'
Anaphlystos . 53°00' . 37°10'

§ 3.14.22  islands adjacent to Achaia in the Aegean sea, Euboia being large, with a description as follows:
Kenaion promontory . 52°20' . 38°35'
Atalante islet . 52°30' . 38°30'
Aidepsos . 52°40' . 38°25'
Chalkis on the Euripos . 53°10' . 38°00'
Eretria . 53°50' . 37°50'
Amarynthos . 54°05' . 37°45'
Leon headland . 54°15' . 37°20'
Kale Akte . 54°30' . 37°30'
Karystos . 54°30' . 37°40'
Geraistos harbor . 54°40' . 37°45'
Kaphereus promontory . 55°00' . 37°50'
Hollows of Euboia . 54°25' . 37°50'
Chersonesos headland . 54°30' . 38°10'
Boudoros river outlet . 54°00' . 38°10'
Kerinthos . 53°50' . 38°10'
Artemis sanctuary . 53°40' . 38°20'
Phalassia headland . 53°20' . 38°30'
Oreos . 53°10' . 38°25'
Dion promontory . 53°00' . 38°35'

§ 3.14.23  Beside Attike and under Euboia the following islands: Thera island, with two cities
Eleusis . 53°50' . 36°25'
and Oia . 54°00' . 36°25'
Keia island, in which three cities:
Koressos . 54°25' . 37°00'
Ioulis . 54°20' . 37°00'
Karthaia . 54°15' . 36°45'
Ios island, the city . 54°20' . 36°35'
Polyaigos island deserted . 54°20' . 36°15'
Therasia island, the city . 54°45' . 36°20'

§ 3.14.24  And the cities of the so-called Cycladic islands
Andros island, the anchorage . 55°00' . 37°30'
Andros island, the city . 54°50' . 37°25'
Tenos island, the city . 55°05' . 37°30'
Syros island, the city . 54°45' . 37°15'
Delos island, the city . 55°25' . 37°20'
Oliaros . 55°20' . 36°30'
Kythnos . 54°55' . 37°00'
Rhene . 55°05' . 37°10'
Mykonos island the Phorbia headland . 55°45' . 37°10'
Mykonos the city . 55°40' . 37°10'
Naxos island, the city . 55°40' . 37°00'
Paros island, the city . 55°30' . 36°50'
Sounion its promontory . 55°40' . 36°55'
Siphnos island, the city . 55°15' . 36°45'
and the interior.
Seriphos . 55°00' . 36°50'
Pholekandros . 55°00' . 36°30'
Sikinos . 54°50' . 36°35'

§ 3.14.25  Position of the Peloponnesos: The Peloponnesos is bounded to the north by the Corinthian Gulf and the isthmus and and next by the Cretan sea, from the west and south by the Adriatic sea, from the east by the Cretan sea.
And the shore of this has the following description:

§ 3.14.26  After Pegai in the Megarid, which is in the Corinthian gulf off Achaia, at degrees . 51°25' . 37°25'

§ 3.14.27  Of the Korinthia:
Sanctuary of Hera of Corinth . 51°15' . 37°15'
Lechaion port . 51°20' . 37°00'
Asopos river outlet . 51°05' . 37°05'
Sikyonia
Syos river outlet . 50°40' . 37°00'

§ 3.14.29  In Achaia proper:
Aigeira . 50°15' . 36'55'
Aigion . 49°45' . 36°55'
Erineos harbor . 49°30' . 36°55'
Rhion promontory and Drepanon . 49°20' . 37°10'
Poseidon sanctuary . 49°15' . 37°00'
Patrai . 49°00' . 36°50'
Olenos . 48°50' . 36°45'
Dyme . 48°40' . 36°40'
Araxos headland . 48°30' . 36°45'

§ 3.14.30  In Eleia
Kyllene port . 48°30' . 36°30'
Peneios river outlet . 48°20' . 36°30'
Chelonitis headland . 48°00' . 36°20'
Chelonites gulf . 48°20' . 36°15'
Ichthys headland . 48°05' . 36°00'
Alpheios river outlet . 48°20' . 35°55'
The beginning of the river . 49°50' . 36°30'

§ 3.14.31  In Messenia:
Kyparissia city . 48°35' . 35°45'
Kyparission promontory . 48°25' . 35°40'
Sela river outlet . 48°30' . 35°35'
Pylos . 48°35' . 35°30'
Koryphasion headland . 48°30' . 35°25'
Mothone . 48°35' . 35°20'
Kolone . 48°45' . 35°15'
Akritas headland . 48°45' . 35°00'
In the Messeniac Gulf Asine . 48°50' . 35°00'
Korone . 49°00' . 35°05'
Messene . 49°15' . 35°15'
Pamisos river outlet . 49°20' . 35°15'
The Alpheios river beside it . 49°00' . 35°55'
Pherai . 49°30' . 30°15'
Abaia . 49°45' . 35°10'

§ 3.14.32  In Lakonia:
Leuktron . 49°55' . 34°40'
Tainaria headland . 50°00' . 34°20'
and in the Lakonian gulf Tainarion . 50°00' . 34°45'
Kaine . 50°05' . 34°50'
Teuthrone . 50°10' . 34°55'
Las . 50°15' . 35°00'
Gythion . 50°20' . 35°05'
Trinasos port . 50°25' . 35°10'
Eurotas river outlet . 50°30' . 35°10'
Beginning of the river . 50°30' . 35°45'
Akreia . 50°35' . 35°10'
Biandyna . 50°45' . 35°10'
Asopos . 50°50' . 35°05'
Onou Gnathos headland . 51°00' . 35°00'
Boiai . 51°05' . 35°05'
Malea headland . 51°20' . 35°00'
and in the Argolic gulf, still in Lakonia:
Minoa harbor . 51°10' . 35°10'
Zeus Soter harbor . 51°10' . 35°15'
Epidauros . 51°05' . 35°30'
Zarex (Hierax harbor) . 51°00' . 35°40'
Kyphanta harbor . 51°10' . 35°45'
Prasia . 51°20' . 35°50'

§ 3.14.33  In Argeia:
Astron . 51°30' . 35°45'
Inachos river outlet . 51°30' . 35°50'
Head of the river . 51°00' . 36°30'
Nauplia port . 51°35' . 36°00'
Phlious . 51°45' . 35°55'
Hermione . 52°00' . 36°00'
Skyllaion promontory . 52°30' . 36°05'
In the Saronic gulf still in the Argolid
Troizen . 52°20' . 36°05'
Methone peninsula . 52°10' . 36°20'
Epidaurus . 51°50' . 36°25'
Speiraion promontory . 51°45' . 36°35'
Athenaion harbor . 51°30' . 36°35'
Boukephalos harbor . 51°25' . 36°45'
In the Korinthia:
Kenchreai port . 51°25' . 36°55'
Schoinous harbor . 51°40' . 37°00'

§ 3.14.35  Mountains in the Peloponnese
Pholoe . 49°15' . 36°40'
and Stymphalos . 50°10' . 36°30'
and Minthe . 49°00' . 35°30'
and Taygeton . 49°40' . 35°15'
and Kronion . 50°30' . 35°45'
and Zarex . 51°00' . 35°20'

§ 3.14.36  Cities in the interior of Achaia proper
Pherai . 49°15' . 36°45'
Helike . 49°50' . 36°45'
Boura . 50°00' . 36°50'
Pellene . 50°20' . 36°45'
Sikyonia interior
Phlious . 50°50' . 36°40'
Sikyon . 51°00' . 36°50'

§ 3.14.38  Of inland Corinthia
Corinthos . 51°15' . 36°55'
Eleia interior
Elis . 49°00' . 36°25'
Olympia Pisa . 48°40' . 36°15'
Koryne . 48°30' . 36°10'
Hypaneia . 49°10' . 36°00'
Lepreon . 48°50' . 35°55'
Typaneia . 49°10' . 36°10'

§ 3.14.40  In Arkadia:
Heraia . 49°20' . 36°00'
Phigaleia . 49°20' . 35°35'
Tegea . 49°50' . 36°20'
Psophis . 49°40' . 36°05'
Lysias . 49°50' . 36°00'
Antigoneia and Mantineia . 49°40' . 35°45'
Stymphalos . 50°20' . 36°20'
Kleitor . 50°25' . 36°00'
Lilaia . 50°50' . 36°20'
Megale Polis . 50°40' . 36°10'

§ 3.14.41  Inland Argeia:
Nemea . 51°05' . 36°25'
Kleonai . 51°10' . 36°25'
Argos . 51°20' . 36°15'
Mykenai . 51°45' . 36°10'
Asine . 51°35' . 36°15'

§ 3.14.42  Inland Messenia:
Haliartos . 48°50' . 35°45'
Ithome . 48°50' . 35°25'
Troizen . 49°10' . 35°25'

§ 3.14.43  Inland Lakonike:
Kardamyle . 50°00' . 35°25'
Lakedaimon . 50°15' . 35°30'
Kyphanta . 51°00' . 35°45'
Lerne . 51°15' . 35°55'
Thourion . 50°15' . 35°20'
Belbina . 50°40' . 35°45'
Thalame. 50°15' . 35°10'
Gerenia . 50°10' . 35°20'
Oinoe . 50°40' . 35°20'
Bityla . 50°00' . 35°00'

§ 3.14.44  Islands adjoining the Peloponnese:
the Strophades (there are two) . 47°20' . 36°00'
and Prote island . 47°50' . 35°30'
and Sphagia island . 48°00' . 35°00'
and Theganousa island . 48°30' . 34°40'
and of Kythera island, the city . 51°10' . 34°40'
and Aigila island . 51°45' . 34°40'
and Salamis island . 52°00' . 37°15'
and of Aigina island, the city . 52°20' . 36°45'

§ 3.15.1  Position of the island of Crete. Crete is bound to the west by the Adriatic sea, from the north by the Cretan sea, from the south by the Libyan sea, from the east by the Karpathian sea. And its coast has the following description.

§ 3.15.2  Description of the western side:
Korykos headland and city . 52°05' . 34°40'
Phalasarna . 52°20' . 34°40'
Chersonesos . 52°30' . 34°35'
Rhamnous harbor . 52°30' . 34°30'
Ina kome . 52°35' . 34°20'
Kriou metopon promontory . 52°35' . 34°10'

§ 3.15.3  Description of the south side:
Lissos . 52°40' . 34°05'
Tarrha . 52°50' . 34°20'
Poikilasion . 53°00' . 34°30'
Hermaia headland . 53°15' . 34°25'
Phoinikous harbor . 53°45' . 34°50'
Phoinix city . 53°35' . 34°45'
Messalia river outlet . 53°45' . 34°40'

§ 3.15.4  Psychion . 54°00' . 34°45'
Elektra river outlet . 54°10' . 34°45'
Matalia . 54°25' . 34°30'
Leon headland . 54°35' . 34°45'
Lebena . 54°35' . 34°50'
Katarrhaktes river outlet . 54°45' . 34°50'
Lethaios river outlet . 54°50' . 34°55'
Inatos city . 55°00' . 34°55'
Hieron mountain . 55°10' . 35°00'
Hierapytna . 55°15' . 35°05'
Erythraion promontory . 55°20' . 35°05'
Ampelos headland . 55°30' . 35°10'
Itanos city . 55°40' . 35°15'

§ 3.15.5  Description of the east side:
Sammonion promontory . 55°50' . 35°25'
Minoa harbor . 55°20' . 35°15'
Kamara city . 55°10' . 35°20'
Olous . 55°00' . 35°20'
Cheronesos . 54°55' . 35°20'
Zephyrion promontory . 54°45' . 35°30'

§ 3.15.6  Description of the north side:
Herakleion . 54°30' . 35°20'
Panormos . 54°20' . 35°15'
Apollonia . 54°10' . 35°15'
Kytaion . 54°00' . 35°15'

§ 3.15.7  Dion promontory . 53°50' . 35°10'
Pantomatrion . 53°45' . 35°05'
Rhithymna . 53°30' . 35°05'
Amphimales gulf . 53°15' . 35°00'
Drepanon promontory . 53°10' . 35°10'
Minoia . 53°00' . 35°00'

§ 3.15.8  Pyknos [or Pyktos] river outlet . 52°50' . 35°00'
Kydonia . 52°45' . 35°00'
Kisamon promontory . 52°30' . 35°00'
Diktamnon (or Diktamon) . 52°25' . 34°55'
Psakon promontory . 52°20' . 34°50'
Kisamos city . 52°25' . 34°45'

§ 3.15.9  Famous mountains in Crete
The so-called White (Leuke) mountains . 52°40' . 34°40'
and Mt. Ide . 54°00' . 35°00'
and Mt. Dikte . 55°30' . 35°15'

§ 3.15.10  Cities in the Cretan interior:
Polyrrhenia . 52°20' . 34°45'
Aptera 53°00' . 34°55'
Artakina . 53°05' . 34°45'
Lappa . 53°15' . 34°55'
Soubrita . 53°40' . 34°40'
Eleutherai . 53°45' . 35°00'
Gortyna . 54°15' . 34°50'
Pannona . 54°40' . 35°10'
Knossos . 54°45' . 35°10'
Lyktos . 55°00' . 35°10'

§ 3.15.11  Islands adjacent to Crete
Klaudos island, in which a city . 53°30' . 34°00'
and Letoa island . 54°30' . 34°10'
and Kimolos island, in which a city . 54°20' . 35°30'
and Dia island . 54°30' . 35°40'
and Melos island, in which a city . 54°00' . 35°30'

§ 4.1.1  On the west side Mauritania Tingitana is bounded by part of the Outer Sea, which we call the Western Ocean, from the Heraclean strait to the greater Mt. Atlas, by the following description:

§ 4.1.2  Cape Kotes . 6°00' . 35°55'
River Zilia (or Lixeia) mouth . 6°00' . 35°20'
Lix river mouth . 6°20' . 35°15'
Subur river mouth . 6°20' . 34°40'
Emporikos kolpos . 6°30' . 34°20'
Sala river mouth . 6°30' . 34°10'
Sala . 6°40' . 33°50'
Duos river mouth . 6°10' . 33°40'
Lesser Atlas Mt. 6°00' . 33°10'
Kusa river mouth . 6°40' . 32°45'
Rusibis harbor . 6°40' . 32°30'

§ 4.1.3  Asana river mouth . 7°00' . 32°00'
Diur river mouth . 7°20' . 31°40'
Helios Mt. 6°45' . 31°15'
Mysokaras harbor . 7°20' . 30°50'
River Phthuth or Thuth mouth . 7°30' . 30°30'
Cape of Herakles . 7°30' . 30°00'
Tamusiga . 8°00' . 29°55'
Cape Usadion . 7°30' . 29°15'
Suriga . 8°00' . 29°00'
Una river mouth . 8°00' . 28°30'

§ 4.1.4  Agna river mouth . 8°40' . 27°50'
Sala river mouth . 8°20' . 27°20'
Greater Atlas Mt. 8°00' . 26°30'

§ 4.1.5  The northern side is bounded by the Strait, in which, after the previously mentioned promontory is:
Tingis or Caesarea . 6°30' . 35°55'
Valon river mouth . 7°00' . 35°50'
Exilissa city . 7°30' . 35°55'
Heptadelphoi (Seven Brothers) mountains . 7°40' . 35°50'

§ 4.1.6  And by the Iberian sea according to the following description:
Abyle Pillar . 7°50' . 35°40'
Phoebus promontory . 8°00' . 35°30'
Iagath (or Lagathos) promontory . 8°20' . 35°05'
Thaluda river mouth . 8°30' . 35°00'
Oleastrum promontory . 8°50' . 35°10'
Acrath . 9°00' . 34°55'

§ 4.1.7  Taeniolonga (Tainia Longa) 9°30' . 35°45'
Sestiaria promontory . 10°00' . 35°00'
Ryssadirum . 10°00' . 34°45'
Metagonites promontory . 10°30' . 34°55'
Molochath river mouth . 10°45' . 34°45'
Malva river mouth . 11°10' . 34°50'

§ 4.1.8  The eastern side is bordered by Mauritania Caesarensis south from the Malva river mouth to the limit point at 11°40' . 26°00'

§ 4.1.9  And the south by the neighboring races of inner Libya along the line joining the limit points mentioned.

§ 4.1.10  The Metagonitae occupy the districts toward the strait; the Socossi or Cocossi that toward the Iberian sea, and below these are the Verves; then below the country of the Metagonites are the Mazices; then the Verbices, below whom are the Salinsae and the Cauni or Causini; then the Bacuatae; below whom are the Macanitae; below the Verves are the Volubiliani; then the Iangaucani; below whom are the Nectiberes; and next is the Pyrrhon Plain . 9°30' . 30°00'
Below these are the Zegrenses; then the Baniubae and the Vacuatae.